Democracy, Political Systems, and the European Union
Democracy and Political Systems
Democracy is a form of government where political control is exercised by all people, directly or through elected representatives.
The constitution is the fundamental law of a state, establishing the territory’s structure, citizens’ rights and duties, and the government system.
Division of Powers
- Legislature: To create laws.
- Executive: Responsible for enforcing laws and carrying out government tasks.
- Judiciary: Enforces the law and administers justice.
Political parties
Read MoreIntelligent Learning, Culture, and Anthropology: Key Concepts
Intelligent Learning
Intelligent learning refers to an individual’s ability to solve problems through complex and innovative solutions, or even to pose new problems.
Limitations of Intelligent Animal Learning
Intelligent animal learning has some limitations:
- Animal discoveries are always oriented towards solving specific problems. They do not discover techniques, but solutions to individual cases.
- Discoveries by animals can only be transmitted by imitation.
- Animals are incapable of thinking about solutions
Marxist Historical Materialism: Class Struggle & Economic Structures
Historical Materialism: A Marxist Analysis
Historical materialism is a Marxist interpretation of history, a scientific analysis of reality. It posits that economic relations of production, not the spirit (as proposed by Hegel), determine human history. Marx, like Hegel, viewed the dialectic as the engine of history. History is conceived as a dialectical process, where contradictions within the economic structure manifest as class struggle.
The Material Production of Life
History is the actual process
Read MoreCultural Impact on International Business Practices
**Control Mechanisms in Strategic Alliances**
Nomination and Appointment of Key Personnel
- Control requires knowledge of events and circumstances.
- Such knowledge is most readily available to the alliance’s parents if they supply key personnel to run or monitor operations or critical functions such as marketing, R&D, or corporate finance.
Meetings of the Board of Directors
- Although a majority equity holder is in an advantageous position in terms of composition and representation on the board, a minority
Marvin Harris on Work Evolution: Hunter-Gatherers to Agriculture
Work According to Marvin Harris
Hunter-Gatherer Societies: 3-Hour Workdays and Shared Resources
Marvin Harris argued that work evolved in a way that ultimately hurt working people. Hunter-gatherer peoples worked approximately 3 hours daily. When they hunted prey, all members of the group were of little use, and no one was privileged with respect to the rest of the tribe. Thus, the prevailing morality was based on sharing and solidarity. Selfish behavior did not have any utility in hunter-gatherer
Read MoreCriminal Policies: A Comparative Analysis of Trends and Outcomes
Comparing Criminal Policies
Outcomes, Trends, and Determinants
Phases and Actors of Criminal Policy
A criminal policy starts with criminalization (policymakers), continues with crime control (policymakers, police, and prosecution services), adjudication (prosecution services and courts), and sentencing and punishment (policymakers, courts, and prisons). The last three phases constitute penal policies stricto sensu. Crime prevention involves actors from the whole public sector, including the criminal
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