Second Spanish Republic: Reforms in Military, Education, and Culture

Military Reforms of the Second Spanish Republic

One of the goals of the reformist biennium was to reinforce the authority of the Republican state against the army. The military reforms were encouraged by Manuel Azaña himself, who took over the Ministry of War while he was Prime Minister. He sought to reduce the huge number of professional officers by encouraging voluntary retirement, reorganizing the administration and military training, and modernizing the facilities of the military to civilian

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Understanding Political Ideologies: Conservatism, Liberalism, Socialism, and Communism

Understanding Political Ideologies

Conservatism (1815-1860)

  • Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
  • The central tenets of conservatism include tradition, human imperfection, organic solidarity, hierarchy, authority, and property rights.
  • Human beings are better off when guided and sheltered by authority.
  • It is against the ideals of Liberalism and Socialism.
  • Highest goods: security, stability, order.
  • Free individuals
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Institutional Evaluation: Challenges and Best Practices

Institutional Evaluation: Key Considerations

Professor Sancho Gil highlights one of the most serious problems posed by evaluation: the issue of a trial on an event or condition known prior to the trial. Other authors point out the challenges to evaluation, noting that governments often make serious mistakes and have shortcomings when evaluations are performed as a legal obligation, resulting in poor shared reflection. When performed at the end, evaluations fail to serve as a potential generator of

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Primary, Secondary, and Circumstantial Sources in Journalism

Sources

Primary Sources

Are straightforward; they provide first-hand information, either because they are the protagonists of the facts or because they were present at the events.

Secondary Sources

Are those that can give information about something specific to what they learned by means other than starring in or witnessing the facts they know.
For some, this kind of source never occurs by itself in a story because its information comes, in fact, from primary sources. For others, it may provide the
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British Post-War Society Transformation: 1945-1959

Unit 9: The New British Society (1945-1959)

Key Transformations in Post-War Britain

Post-war Britain saw significant societal shifts. State intervention became prominent, women were seen smoking, and television became accessible to a wider audience. Comics enjoyed immense popularity, and tea and coffee were essential commodities. Middle-class families often watched television together, showcasing their fashionable attire. This era marked a period of substantial immigration, fostering a more multicultural

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Animal Behavior, Environmental Issues, and Social Trends Analysis

MODELO 2004: A Relative Difference

Key Points:

  • Chimpanzee rights are being considered.
  • Chimpanzee populations have drastically declined.

Vocabulary: connection (link), part of the skeleton which encloses the brain (skull), jump ahead (leap), apparently (seemingly)

Grammar:

  • If you don’t ask him a question, he won’t speak to you.
  • She told me that I had to do it at once.
  • The exercise is too difficult for us to do.
  • The crime is being investigated by the police.

SEPTIEMBRE 2004: What’s it Like to Be a Dog?

Key

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