Understanding Language Dynamics in Society
Linguistic Community
A linguistic community is a human society historically rooted in a particular territorial space, recognized or not, that self-identifies as a people and has developed a common language as a natural means of communication and cultural cohesion among its members.
Contact Languages
Contact languages refer to a situation in which there is direct and common interaction among speakers of two or more languages. Previously, language contact occurred primarily between neighboring territories
Read MoreOral and Written Language: Key Differences and Structures
Oral and Written Language: Key Differences
Oral and written language are two different codes with distinct textual and contextual differences, each serving different functions and used in different situations. They are part of the same language.
Features of Spoken Language
- Face-to-face communication: Social interactions build the text, and the situation makes details explicit.
- Spontaneity: The speaker may amend but not erase what has been said. It is fleeting and therefore more informal.
- Nonverbal codes:
Social Justice, Education, and Inequality: A Critical Analysis
Equality and Social Justice
Working people fight for social justice and equality. University seems an ideal place to develop equality opportunities. University is a new generation of market-led professionals with postmodernism and the rise of neo-liberal politics. Some authors argue that university and higher education has a special mission to fight against injustice. Equality studies experiences some difficulties that women’s studies do. Social justice defends the creation of society and its institutions
Read MoreSocialism and Labor Movements in the 19th Century
The Working Classes
Farmers
The situation of European peasantry was very diverse. In the West, the peasantry was free, and in many landowner cases in Eastern Europe, serfdom was not abolished until the nineteenth century.
The Workers
The Industrial Revolution led to a wide range of industrial workers, who tended to be classified as working class or proletariat. Their common denominator was the condition of being employees.
Within the working class were manufacturing industry workers, homeworkers, domestic
Read MoreEarly Language Learning: Impact on Linguistic and Cognitive Skills
Children and Second Language Acquisition
3. Children are more likely to acquire native grammatical competence. The critical period for grammar might be later than for pronunciation (around 15 years). Nonetheless, according to different studies, some adults might be able to acquire native levels of grammatical accuracy in speech and writing and, in some cases, even full linguistic competence.
4. Independently of whether native-speaker proficiency is acquired, children have more possibilities to reach
Read MoreJoaquín Costa’s Critique of Spain’s Restoration Era: 1901
Historical and Political Context of Costa’s Analysis
This primary source text, written in 1901, offers a critical perspective on the political landscape of Spain during the Restoration period. It is an excerpt from one of the most outstanding works of Joaquín Costa (1846-1911), titled *”Oligarchy and Despotism, and Other Writings on Agrarian Collectivism.”*
Joaquín Costa: Advocate for Regeneration
Costa was the chief representative of Regenerationism, a cultural and political movement that emerged
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