English Vocabulary and Grammar Exercises
Vocabulary
A afford, spouse, heiresses, amount, cut down, caught, straight. B out of bounds, flee, bond, updated, accurate. C I would have washed, to stop, will have painted, have been waiting, has been looking, was doing, will go, has been canceled, found out, had left.
Grammar
D. Verb Tenses
- She has been drinking so much alcohol for two years.
- If I had a computer, I could type the essay on English.
- Although she had been vaccinated, she caught the flu.
E. Passive Voice
- His ideas are believed to be crazy.
3 Green Technologies for a Sustainable Future
Green Technologies for a Sustainable Future
1. Solar Energy
Solar energy, the sun’s radiation reaching Earth, can be converted into heat and electricity. As early as the 1830s, astronomer John Herschel used a solar thermal collector to cook food. Today, solar energy heats water for homes, buildings, and pools, and warms spaces like greenhouses. Photovoltaic (PV) devices, or solar cells, directly convert sunlight into electricity, often used in remote locations or to power small devices. Solar power
Read MoreLiterary Figures and Movements: A Historical Overview
Petrarch and the Lyric Song
The Songbook comprises 366 pieces (317 sonnets, 29 songs, 9 sextinas, 7 ballads, and 4 madrigals). Traditionally divided into two parts—before and after Madonna Laura’s death—this division stems from editors, not Petrarch himself. The prologue, a sonnet, presents the work as the fruit of youthful error, seeking the reader’s forgiveness. It concludes with the theme of vanitas vanitas. Throughout, Petrarch masterfully composes love poetry themes. In the latter part,
Read MoreEnglish Vocabulary and Grammar Guide
Vocabulary and Grammar Guide
Vocabulary
Common Words
Acquaintance: conocido, Clue: pista, Disorder: trastorno, Injury: lesión, Suit: traje
Cope with: enfrentarse con, Pretend: fingir, Realize: darse cuenta de, Remind: recordar, Reply: responder, Share: cuota
Look away: apartar la mirada, Look through: ignorar, Look up: buscar, Run after: perseguir, Run into: encontrarse por casualidad, Run off with: robar
Descriptive Adjectives
Bossy: mandón, Calm: calmado, Chubby: regordete, Confident: seguro, Considerate:
Read MoreEnglish Grammar Guide: Tenses, Conditionals, and Conjunctions
English Grammar Guide
Reported Speech
That can be used or omitted after the main verb:
- He said he wasn’t going.
- He said that he wasn’t going.
Changes in Reported Speech:
- tomorrow → the next day / the following day
- yesterday → the day before
- here → there
- this / that → the
- this morning → that morning
- today → that day
- tonight → that night
- next / on Tuesday → the following Tuesday
- last Tuesday → the previous Tuesday
- the day after tomorrow → in two days’ time
- ago → before / previously
Personal pronouns,
Read MoreEnglish Grammar: Passive and Causative Structures
Common English Word Roots
resent – resentment – resentful
manage – manager/management – managerial
differ – difference – different
qualify – qualification – unqualified
advance – advancement – advanced
rely – reliability – unreliable
Passive Voice (subject + to be + past participle)
Examples with Two Objects
→ They gave Mary some bad news = Le dieron (malas noticias) (a María)
Some bad news were given to Mary = A María le dieron malas noticias
Mary was given some bad news = María recibió malas noticias