English Language: Essential Grammar and Vocabulary
Vocabulary
Verb + Noun
- Own a pet
- Have a tattoo
- Apply for a passport
- Join the army
- Go to war
- Make a will
- Give blood
Adjective/Noun + Noun
- Soft drinks
- Withdraw money
- Hold a license
- Criminal offense
- General
Phrasal Verbs and Other Words
- Leave out
- Pick on
- Take on
- Toy with
- Unpack
- Disapprove
- Illogical
- Immature
- Irrelevant
- Illegal
- Impoliteness
- Indecisive
- Irregular
- Uncertainty
- Illiterate
- Unlock
Grammar
Present Tenses
Present Simple
- Used for facts and states: I’m very tired right now.
- Used for habits: My mother usually takes me to school.
Present
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Bilingual English-Spanish Phrases
Puede que llueva esta tarde porque está muy nublado
It might rain this afternoon because it is very cloudy
Estos teléfonos son fabricados en China
These phones are made in China
Ellos me dijeron que el avión había salido a tiempo
They told me that the plane had left on time
Yo quiero que tú vengas mañana
I want you to come tomorrow
Deberías ir al médico si estás tan cansado
You should go to a doctor if you are so tired
Su madre había estado trabajando en esa tienda
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Present Perfect and Continuous
Present Perfect: S + have/has + past participle. Example: They have known each other for ten years.
- Action started in the past and continues to the present.
- Use ‘How long…?’ to ask about an unfinished period of time.
For + period of time: For two weeks
Since + point in time: Since 2016.
Present Perfect Continuous: S + have/has been + verb + -ing. Example: Nick has been working…
- Used with for or since with action verbs (learn, work, go…) for actions started in the past
Countries, Wars, and Historical Facts
Capitals and Languages
Capitals: Canada (Ottawa), New Zealand (Wellington), USA (Washington D.C.), Australia (Canberra).
Languages: Canada (English and French), New Zealand (English and Maori), USA and Australia (do not have any official language, although English is the de facto language).
Heads of State and Government
Presidents: Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Thomas Jefferson, Lincoln, Taylor.
Head of State (New Zealand, Australia, Canada): Queen Elizabeth II
The Commonwealth
What is the
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Summary
Tom is not a very good guitarist, but he and his pianist girlfriend Katy are happy together and enjoy playing in their band, Steel City. They are delighted to get a chance to compete in the ‘Battle of the Bands’, but then disaster strikes. Katy breaks Tom’s guitar and has to borrow money from her studious younger sister, Rachel, to get Tom a new one before the competition. They finally find an old guitar that they can afford, but as soon as Tom picks it up, he begins to change. Tom
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Energy Sources
Renewable Sources: Hydroelectric, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal.
Non-Renewable Sources: Fossil fuels (gas, oil, and coal).
Factors Influencing Industrial Location
- Communication and Accessibility: Industries seek locations near bridges or highways to facilitate the movement of materials and workers.
- Land Availability and Price
- Market Proximity: Especially important for perishable goods, production should be close to processing or consumption points.
- Labor Cost and Quality
- Environmental Laws
- Financial