SOC 222: Measuring the Social World Study Notes

Posted by admin on Apr 5, 2026 in Statistics | 0 comments

SOC 222: Measuring the Social World

Key Concepts and Definitions

Population vs. Sample

• Population: The entire group you want to study. Example: All students at UTM.
• Sample: A subset of the population used to make conclusions. Example: 100 UTM students surveyed in the library.
• Population Parameter: The true value in the population. Example: The actual percentage of all UTM students who cheat.
• Sample Statistic: The estimate derived from the sample. Example: 15% of surveyed students admit to cheating.
• Sampling

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Statistical Analysis: Regression and Probability Models

Posted by admin on Mar 18, 2026 in Statistics | 0 comments

Regression Analysis and Predictive Modeling

Regression analysis is a statistical method used to model the relationship between variables and to predict the value of one variable using another.

Main Types of Regression

• Simple linear regression: One independent variable and one dependent variable.
• Multiple regression: Several independent variables predicting one dependent variable.
• Logistic regression: Used when the dependent variable represents probabilities or categories.

The goal of simple linear regression

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Essential Statistics: Sampling, Distributions, and Testing

Posted by admin on Mar 15, 2026 in Statistics | 0 comments

1. Sampling and Basic Concepts

Population: The entire group being studied.
Sample: A subset of the population.

Example

• Population: All university students.
• Sample: 200 students surveyed.

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Parameter vs. Statistic

• Parameter: A numerical value describing a population.
• Statistic: A numerical value derived from a sample.

Examples:

• p = True population proportion.
• p̂ (p-hat) = Sample proportion.

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Sample Proportion Formula

p̂ = x / n

Where:

• x = Number of successes.
• n = Sample size.

Example: 48 support a policy out of 80.

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CIS 2500 Exam 1 Excel Cheat Sheet: Data and Statistics

Posted by admin on Mar 12, 2026 in Statistics | 0 comments

CIS 2500 – Exam 1 Cheat Sheet (Excel Focused)

Chapter 1 – Data Basics

• Population: All items in the study.
• Sample: Subset of the population.
• Parameter: Numerical value describing a population.
• Statistic: Numerical value describing a sample.
• Cross-sectional: Many entities at one time.
• Time series: One entity across the same point in time.
• Nominal: Labels only (numeric or non-numeric).
• Ordinal: Ranked categories (numeric or non-numeric).
• Interval: Numeric, no true zero.
• Ratio: Numeric, true zero.
• Qualitative

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Essential Programming and Data Science Q&A

Posted by admin on Mar 7, 2026 in Statistics | 0 comments

Python Fundamentals

Q: What is the difference between if, elif, and else?

• if checks an initial condition.
• elif checks another condition if the previous one is false.
• else runs if none of the preceding conditions are true.

Q: When do we use a for loop instead of while?

• We use for when we know the number of iterations.
• while is used when the condition controls the loop execution.

Q: What is an infinite loop?

A loop that never stops because its condition is always true.

Q: What is a function?

A reusable block

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Statistical Inference: Sampling and Confidence Intervals

Posted by admin on Mar 6, 2026 in Statistics | 0 comments

Chapter 9: Sampling Distributions

Quantile-Quantile Plot (QQ-Plot)

Empirical Rule: This property states that approximately 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of data falls within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively.

Standard Normal Distribution

The Standard Normal distribution has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

Example: If you want to know the percentage of babies that weigh less than 95 ounces at birth, you must first convert the value 95 to a standardized score (STAT).

Based

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