Essential Listening and Speaking Skills for Effective Communication
TEMA 1: Listening as an Interactive Process
1) Strategies for Effective Listening
Effective listening involves a combination of strategies that draw upon various competencies:
- Linguistic Competence: Recognizing elements of the language system, including vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure.
- Discourse Competence: Understanding discourse markers and how they connect parts of a text.
- Sociolinguistic Competence: Knowledge about different types of inputs and their usual structure and content.
- Strategic
Second Language Acquisition Theories and Approaches
Traditional Approach (1970s-1980s)
Key figures: Chomsky, Krashen, Van Patten
Focus: Linguistics, second language acquisition, interlanguage development
Key concepts: Null subject, intake, input, output, interlanguage metaphor
Sociocultural Approach (1990s)
Key figures: Kramsch, Vygotsky, Lantolf, Wertsch
Focus: Education, learning, development, sociocultural and sociolinguistic factors
Key concepts: Zone of Proximal Development, sociocultural theory, symbolic competence
Multiple Literacies Framework
Communication
- Interpersonal:
Age and Second Language Acquisition: Exploring the Critical Period Hypothesis
Age as a Factor in Second Language Acquisition
Route of Acquisition
The stages of language acquisition remain consistent regardless of age or first language (L1). Everyone follows the same developmental path.
Acquisition Process
Children tend to learn languages implicitly and unconsciously, while adults engage in more explicit and conscious learning. However, implicit learning continues after puberty, and explicit learning plays a role in childhood language acquisition as well.
Rate of Acquisition
While
Read MoreUnderstanding Redundancy and Processing Principles in Second Language Acquisition
Understanding Redundancy in Second Language Acquisition
Examples of Redundancy in English
Consider the sentence “Last night I watched a movie.”
Here, redundancy occurs with the past tense, which is expressed in two ways: “last night” and the inflection “-ed” on the verb “watch.”
The “-ed” ending is redundant because the meaning it encodes (past tense) is already expressed by the phrase “last night.”
In such cases, the redundant form has lower communicative value, meaning learners may pay less attention
Read MoreLanguage and Culture: An Exploration of Their Interconnectedness
Language and culture
- 1. LanguagE & CuLturE
- 2. Theoretical Part Outline: I. Definition of language
II. Definition of culture
III. Cultural differences IV. Race and ethnic groups V. Sociolinguistics By the trainee teachers: Supervised by: Adbelhadi Ezzahiri Imad eddine Jamati Prof. Lachguar Ouadal Mohamed Mengal Mohamed Abdelmajid Belmekki Naima Taoubih Azzedine El Alami Rida Qassar - 3. Language and CultureLanguage and Culture 1. What is Language? 2. Language from a cultural perspective 3. Properties
Unit 4: Cognitive Approaches to Second Language Acquisition
Cognitive Mechanisms
This unit explores the cognitive mechanisms involved in second language acquisition (SLA), including:
- Attention
- Automacity
- Restructuring
- Memory (short-term and long-term)
- Fluency
The Monitor Model
The Monitor Model, a prominent SLA theory in the 1970s and early 1980s, aimed to explain the similarities and differences in L2 English morpheme acquisition across various skills (reading/writing vs. listening/speaking). The model proposes two key hypotheses:
The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
This
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