Mechanical Systems, Electrical Quantities, and Electronic Components
Types of Levers
First Grade
R, PA, F
Second Grade
PA, R, F
Third Grade
PA, F, R
Mechanical Transmission Systems
Worm Gear
Transmits rotary motion between two shafts that form a 90-degree angle (always input and output gear).
Description
- Has a single tooth-shaped wire thread.
- The gear is a toothed wheel. Each turn moves a single cog.
Features
- Transmission of motion through right angles.
- High cost.
- Silent operation.
Pinion-Rack System
This system uses a straight-toothed pinion and a rack. When the pinion turns, the
Read MoreSteam Power and Internal Combustion Engines: Principles and Operation
Cycle of Steam
The majority of installations for power generation from burning fuel (thermal) are steam-based, and these plants work according to variations of the Rankine thermodynamic cycle.
Plants usually utilize water steam as the working fluid and operate by burning solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel. Its main components are illustrated in Figure 3.1, where one can identify:
- Steam turbine
- Condenser
- Feed pump
- Boiler (steam generator)
- Chimney
- Electric Generator
- Cooling System (cooling tower)
As seen in Figure
Read MoreOverhead Power Line Structures and Network Configurations
Overhead Power Line Structures
Benches are structural elements supporting conductors and other components of overhead power lines. They withstand compression and bending forces from the weight of the materials and wind action. While various materials are permissible, wood, concrete, and steel are commonly used. Transmission lines typically employ standard lattice masts, categorized by their standardized load capacity (kg) and height (m). Determining the appropriate height and load capacity requires
Read MoreUnderstanding Electrical Circuits and Components
Electric Current and Circuits
Direct Current (DC)
Direct current (DC) involves a constant voltage between two points, with electrons flowing in a single direction, from the positive (+) pole to the negative (-) pole. DC power sources include batteries and dynamos.
Alternating Current (AC)
Alternating current (AC) involves a cyclical voltage that repeatedly changes over time, starting at zero, reaching a maximum, decreasing back to zero, then going negative before returning to zero. AC power is generated
Read MoreSemiconductor Manufacturing: From Crystal to Chip
Chapter 1: Development of a Semiconductor Industry
Early Stages
The electronic industry’s foundation lies in the vacuum tube and early silicon use for signal transmission before World War II. The University of Pennsylvania developed the first electronic computer, ENIAC, during World War II.
The Transistor
William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invented the solid-state transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories on December 16, 1947. The semiconductor industry experienced rapid growth in the
Read MoreSemiconductor Properties, Types, and Applications in Electronics
Intrinsic Semiconductors: Semiconductors whose electrical properties are due to their own nature, that is, the atoms such as composition (electronic configuration) and its crystal structure.
Extrinsic Semiconductors: Semiconductors in which impurities, either givers or acceptors, are added. The number of electrons and holes (charge carriers that are normally equal in intrinsic semiconductors) are different, so we can talk about majority carriers (electrons or holes).
N-type Extrinsic Semiconductor:
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