Fundamentals of Control Systems, Automation, and Robotics
Control Systems and Automation Concepts
Control System Definition
A control system is a set of devices integrated into a machine used to manage or regulate its behavior, ensuring a specific magnitude (like temperature, speed, or position) varies as desired. For a machine to operate automatically, it must incorporate a control system.
Types of Control Systems
Open-Loop Control Systems
These systems operate for a predetermined duration or sequence, irrespective of changes occurring in the environment during
Read MoreUnderstanding Electronics: Components, Current, and More
Understanding Electronics: Components and Principles
Electronics is the science and technology that deals with the study of electrons and their applications in the processing and transmission of information.
Early Electronic Components: Vacuum Valves
Thermionic vacuum valves are considered the first electronic component. New findings were encouraging, leading to the development of radio, television, radar, and control systems. This culminated in the construction of the first computer (called ENIAC)
Read MoreCloud Computing: Storage, Architecture, and Migration
Data Storage Comparison
| DAS | NAS | SAN |
|---|---|---|
| Storage directly connected to a single server | Centralized storage accessible over a network | High-performance, block-level storage network |
| Directly attached via SATA, SAS, USB, or Thunderbolt | Connected via Ethernet (TCP/IP) | Connected via Fibre Channel (FC) or iSCSI |
| Uses file system of the host (NTFS, HFS+, ext4, etc.) | Uses file-based protocols (NFS, SMB, CIFS) | Uses block-level protocols (iSCSI, Fibre Channel) |
| Limited by server expansion slots | Easily expandable by adding more |
Minecraft 1.9 Combat Update: Terrain, Structures, and More
General
On April 1, 2015, the ‘Love and Hugs’ snapshot 15w14a was released. Obviously, it was just an April Fools’ joke, but hidden in the snow textures of this snapshot was a QR code. The link to this code is below, but if you don’t have a QR code reader, it reads ‘1.9 The Combat Update’. So it’s confirmed! 1.9 will be THE COMBAT UPDATE! http://imgur.com/ZGnqLdy
The reason 1.8 took so long wasn’t only because of the insane number of new features added into the game itself, it was mostly because there
Read MoreWood and Metals: Properties, Types, and Applications
Wood: A Natural Vegetable Material
Composition and Structure
Wood is a raw vegetable material obtained from the trunks and branches of trees. It is primarily composed of cellulose fibres (providing flexibility) and lignin (which makes it rigid and hard).
Technical Characteristics of Wood
- Density: Wood is generally a light material compared to metals or stone.
- Hardness: Resistance to scratching or indentation; varies greatly between wood types.
- Toughness: Ability to absorb shock or impact without breaking.
IoT Protocols: Modbus, NB-IoT, LoRaWAN & Cloud Platforms
Modbus Protocol Details
Answer:
Modbus is a serial communication protocol developed by Modicon (now Schneider Electric) in 1979 for industrial automation. It is used to connect electronic devices in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS).
Key Features of Modbus
- Works on a master-slave (client-server) architecture.
- Supports communication over serial lines (RS-232, RS-485) and TCP/IP networks.
- Uses function codes to read and write data from/to devices.
- Open-