Materials Science: A Comprehensive Guide
Alloys, Fluxes, and Steelmaking
What are the alloys and fluxes in the oven?
Fluxes remove slag, while ferroalloys improve steel properties.
Why can’t converters be added with pig iron and fluxes at the beginning?
Ferroalloys and fluxes would be removed with the initial slag.
What is the hottest part of the blast furnace where iron ore melts?
The bosh.
How is steel produced?
By blast furnace, furnace refining, and electric oven.
Blast Furnace Operation
Iron ore, fluxes, and coke are introduced. As they descend,
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Storage Principles
Magnetic Storage
Devices using this principle have a storage area consisting of many magnetic particles:
A particle oriented in one direction stores a logical 1, while another particle oriented in another direction stores a logical 0. These devices have read heads (a small coil of wire that when a current passes through it, creates a magnetic field that polarizes a point on the surface) and writing heads (the current in the coil comes from the own magnetic field of the magnetized
Read MoreMechanical Coupling Elements and Joining Techniques
Mechanical Coupling Elements and Joining Techniques
Gears
Pinion Gear
A normal 13-tooth pinion gear meshes with another gear whose radius is infinite. This system’s function is reversible.
- If the pinion is fixed and the rack moves, the pinion rotates without moving the rack.
- If the pinion rotates while the rack is fixed, the rack will move.
Screw-Nut
The screw-nut mechanism is used to turn the screw while preventing the nut from turning. The concept of a screw propeller is derived from a ramp wrapped around
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ITEM 10: Filing and Sanding Techniques
Filing
Technical Filing: Aims to reduce areas where material removal is necessary. Metal removal can be done manually or mechanically.
Files:
- Made of hardened, extra-hard steel plates.
- Carved on their surface to facilitate the start of chips in the direction of file movement.
- Carving consists of cutting teeth.
Characteristics of Files:
- Size: Body length is the distance between the point and the heel of the file.
- Shape: Flat, triangular, square, half-round, round, knife.
A Comprehensive Guide to Plastics, Fibers, and Modern Materials
Plastics and Polymers
Introduction
Plastics, or polymers, are synthetic materials created through chemical reactions, often with additives to enhance their properties. These materials offer numerous benefits such as corrosion resistance, thermal and acoustic insulation, electrical shock resistance, and aesthetic appeal.
Raw Materials
The raw materials used in plastic production have evolved over time:
- 19th Century: Primarily animal and vegetable sources.
- Until ~1930: Coal tar, a byproduct of coal transformation.
Magnesium and Plastics: Properties, Processes, and Environmental Impact
Magnesium
Properties and Processing
Magnesium is obtained from carnallite and dolomite. It is characterized by its bright white color, lightweight, malleability, and low ductility. It is corrosion-resistant when dry, but highly reactive in a liquid state or as flammable dust. Compared to aluminum, magnesium is slightly tougher but less effective at conducting heat and electricity.
Magnesium chloride (carnallite) yields magnesium through electrolysis, where the metal rises to the surface due to its
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