Electric Charge, Current, Circuits, and Power Generation
Fundamentals of Electricity
Electric Charge: Substances are made of atoms, and atoms contain electrons, protons, and neutrons, which possess electric charge.
Electric Current: This consists of the movement of electric charges through a conducting material, such as copper or aluminum.
Generating Electric Current
Generator: A device that creates and maintains the voltage needed to produce and sustain an electric current.
Electrical Circuits: These are formed by a generator and several interconnected elements
Read MoreMass Transfer, Cooling Towers, and Column Selection
Mass Transfer Theory
1. Concept: The theory assumes that elements of fluid intermittently come in contact with the interface for a short time, after which they are replaced by fresh fluid.
2. Transient Diffusion: During each contact, the solute diffuses into or out of the fluid due to a concentration gradient, described by a transient diffusion equation.
3. Mass Transfer Coefficient: The theory gives an expression for the mass transfer coefficient k_L, which is proportional to the square root of the
Read MoreHydropower Systems: Construction, Turbines, and Energy Generation
Hydropower System Construction
1. Dam
A dam is built to raise the water level of a river, creating a falling water system. The reservoir stores energy in the form of potential energy. Key considerations include the dam’s ability to withstand water pressure and the use of impermeable construction materials.
2. Spillways
Spillways are designed to cope with large floods, providing pathways for floodwater to flow around the dam and prevent breaches.
Diversion or Run-of-River Systems
Run-of-river plants derive
Read MoreItalian Renaissance & Baroque Architecture: Key Features
Italian Renaissance & Baroque Architecture
Schema H, restating the main front and back and turning it into a palace opened. Leaving half of the building and the main facade retranquecida by the side sections that become the main frame and an open porch that will be the main facade with 7 arches in the foreground, 5 arc second and 3 arc back: funnel system, the architect will make us move through the main shaft and forces us to reach the central hall. Dynamic Steering axles.
Precedents of this
Read MoreOtto vs. Diesel Engines: Understanding Internal Combustion
Otto Engine: Principles and Operation
Otto engines are internal combustion engines that use a mixture of gasoline and air. They feature an electric ignition system and intake and exhaust valves controlled by a distribution system. The Otto cycle consists of four strokes:
- Ignition: At the end of the compression cycle, the air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug.
Otto Engine Components
The Otto engine consists of:
- A reciprocating piston
- A connecting rod
- A crankshaft
The piston moves within the cylinder
Read MoreTomographic Reconstruction Algorithms: Backprojection, DFR, and FBP
Tomographic Reconstruction Algorithms
Backprojection
Load sinogram: load X.mat
Plot the sinogram: imagesc(sinogram)
Determine the value of the constants numOfAngularProjections and numOfParallelProjections. Each one represents the amount of orientations of the X-ray tube (theta) and the number of X-ray detectors (r), respectively. The latter variable (numOfParallelProjections) defines the original size of the image: size(sinogram)
Generate the array thetas that will contain the angular orientations of