Metalworking Hand Tools and Techniques Guide
ITEM 10: Filing and Sanding Techniques
Filing
Technical Filing: Aims to reduce areas where material removal is necessary. Metal removal can be done manually or mechanically.
Files:
- Made of hardened, extra-hard steel plates.
- Carved on their surface to facilitate the start of chips in the direction of file movement.
- Carving consists of cutting teeth.
Characteristics of Files:
- Size: Body length is the distance between the point and the heel of the file.
- Shape: Flat, triangular, square, half-round, round, knife.
A Comprehensive Guide to Plastics, Fibers, and Modern Materials
Plastics and Polymers
Introduction
Plastics, or polymers, are synthetic materials created through chemical reactions, often with additives to enhance their properties. These materials offer numerous benefits such as corrosion resistance, thermal and acoustic insulation, electrical shock resistance, and aesthetic appeal.
Raw Materials
The raw materials used in plastic production have evolved over time:
- 19th Century: Primarily animal and vegetable sources.
- Until ~1930: Coal tar, a byproduct of coal transformation.
Magnesium and Plastics: Properties, Processes, and Environmental Impact
Magnesium
Properties and Processing
Magnesium is obtained from carnallite and dolomite. It is characterized by its bright white color, lightweight, malleability, and low ductility. It is corrosion-resistant when dry, but highly reactive in a liquid state or as flammable dust. Compared to aluminum, magnesium is slightly tougher but less effective at conducting heat and electricity.
Magnesium chloride (carnallite) yields magnesium through electrolysis, where the metal rises to the surface due to its
Read MoreElectric Cable and Radiant Heater Installation Guide
1. Purpose and Scope
This instruction applies to installations of electric cables and radiant heater folios with voltages of 300/500 V, embedded in floors and roof slabs. The UNE 21,155 -1 standard indicates the types of heating cables that can be used. Both these folios and radiant heaters must conform to the requirements of the directives stated in Article 6 of the Low Voltage Electrical Regulation.
2. Limitations of Use
These facilities should not be installed within bathroom ban volumes, and cold
Read MoreMechanical Elements: Motion Transformers and Bonding Systems
Mechanical Elements: Motion Transformers
A. Rack and Pinion
A rack and pinion system consists of a circular gear (pinion) meshing with a linear gear (rack). Depending on which component is the driver and whether they are fixed or mobile, we have several applications:
- Pinion rotates, rack fixed: The pinion translates along the rack. Example: Lathes.
- Rack moves, pinion fixed: The pinion rotates. Example: Former mechanical calculators.
- Pinion rotates and translates: The rack moves. Example: Automobile
Air Network Conductors and Mechanical Calculations
Drivers
Drivers in Air Networks
The drivers used in air networks will be copper, aluminum, or other materials or alloys with appropriate electrical and mechanical properties and will preferably be insulated.
Insulated Conductors
The insulated conductors shall be rated for not less than 0.6 / 1 kV. The minimum allowable aluminum conductor size is 16 mm2, and for copper, it is 10 mm2.
Conductors
Bare conductors are resistant to weathering. Their minimum breaking load will be considered as 410 daN. Bare
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