Master Cylinder and Separate Braking Circuit Explained
Master Cylinder Operation
The brake master cylinder is responsible for providing adequate fluid pressure to the wheel cylinders, which in turn produce the surface application on the front wheels. The master cylinder receives brake fluid from a tank attached to it and can transfer it through conduits to the wheel cylinders. Inside the cylinder, a piston slides, fitted with a rubber cup housed in a groove. This cup performs the necessary sealing between the piston and the cylinder. A washer marks the
Read MoreEngine Lubrication and Oil Types: A Comprehensive Look
Engine Oil Classification
Classification by Conditions of Service
Oils are classified in laboratories based on their performance under various service conditions.
Classification by Viscosity
The SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) classification relates oil viscosity to temperature. It consists of 10 grades:
- Six grades from 0 to 25, followed by the letter “W” (Winter), indicate cold-start performance.
- Four grades from 20 to 50 indicate the oil’s viscosity at operating temperature (100 degrees Celsius)
Feedwater ESRD Boiler with Intermediate Reheat Steam
The main feature of this boiler is that it is equipped with a heating system using steam. The purpose of global power generation through expansion is to work with dry steam at high pressure. To obtain dry steam, the expansion process involves initial steam heating, which can be done in two stages. In this first phase of superheating, there will be a relatively small increase in temperature. As the system operates at high pressure, the steam temperature before reheating is close to the critical temperature
Read MoreMechanical Components: Cams, Gears, Brakes, and Belts
Types of Cams and Followers
Cams are rotating or sliding pieces in a mechanical linkage that drive follower components with a specific motion. The main types of cams include:
- Radial or Disc Cams: These have a contour on the surface of a rotating disc to guide the follower.
- Cylindrical Cams: These feature a cam profile on the surface of a cylinder.
- Translating Cams: These cams move in a straight line rather than rotating.
Followers are components that are driven by the cam to perform specific motions.
Read MoreUnderstanding Machines: Types, Mechanisms, and Principles
A machine is a set of parts or assemblies, each capable of using, transforming, managing, or regulating the action of a force, muscle, or other source, to assist people in their daily work. Any machine is formed by a series of mechanisms composed of fitted parts, allowing energy to be converted into another form of energy. Tools are hand implements used for working materials. When these tools are mounted on machines that replace human action with a series of mechanical movements, it becomes a machine
Vehicle Suspension Systems: Springs, Shocks, and More
Vehicle Suspension Systems
Springs
Formed by a cylindrical rod (10 to 14mm), made of special steel and helicoidal in shape. They exert a force; when the length decreases, the force increases. Upon cessation of force, they return to their initial state. They have a poor ability to store energy, so they need a damper to absorb the spring’s reaction.
Crossbows
Constructed of elastic steel, they have a weak performance in elasticity. They are united towards a bolt and clamps.
Torsion Bars
Solid bars made
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