Air, Combustion, and Carburetor Function Explained
Air Composition and Combustion Basics
Air Composition
Air is a mixture of various gases. Its approximate volumetric composition is 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and 1% argon and other trace gases. For combustion analysis, this 1% portion (mainly argon) is often treated as nitrogen because it behaves similarly as an inert gas during the process.
The Combustion Process
The basic chemical reaction for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon (HC) fuel with oxygen (O2) is:
HC + O2 → H2O + CO2
Different air-
Read MoreNetwork Transmission Media Types and Cabling
Transmission Media
Transmission media is the physical support that facilitates the transport of information. Its quality depends on its characteristics.
Transmission media can be:
- Mechanical
- Electrical
- Optical
- Electromagnetic
Note:
- The estimated investment for a cable installation should be around 6% of the total project cost.
- Approximately 70% of network problems are due to wiring faults.
Metallic Wiring Systems
Copper Cable
Copper cable is a common format for metallic wiring systems.
Advantages:
- Simple and
Mechanical Principles: Simple Machines, Gears, Transmissions
Machine Definition and Types
A machine is a device capable of reducing the effort required to perform mechanical work.
It consists of a group of mechanical elements, each performing a specific function or task within the overall machine.
Types of Machines
- Simple Machines: Require only one point of support.
- Compound Machines: Formed by two or more simple machines.
Principal simple machines include the lever, inclined plane, wedge, screw, pulley, and winch. Examples of compound machines include bicycles
Read MoreAerial Device Classification: Features and Requirements
- Aerial Device Classification: Must reach at least 65ft above grade.
- Quint (50–75): Tank & Pump Size – Supply/Attack Hose Lines – Ladders & Waterways.
- Water Tower (50–130): Below Horizontal to 90° & flows 1000gpm.
- Articulating Aerial Platform (55–85): Boom Sections with hinge. Up & Over.
- Aerial Ladder Apparatus (50–135): Most Common /WH: Ground to highest rung.
- Combo Telescoping/Articulating Aerial Device (90 – 174)
- Aerial Ladder Platform (85–110): Straight-Chassis 3-axle,
Fundamentals of Control Systems, Automation, and Robotics
Control Systems and Automation Concepts
Control System Definition
A control system is a set of devices integrated into a machine used to manage or regulate its behavior, ensuring a specific magnitude (like temperature, speed, or position) varies as desired. For a machine to operate automatically, it must incorporate a control system.
Types of Control Systems
Open-Loop Control Systems
These systems operate for a predetermined duration or sequence, irrespective of changes occurring in the environment during
Read MoreUnderstanding Electronics: Components, Current, and More
Understanding Electronics: Components and Principles
Electronics is the science and technology that deals with the study of electrons and their applications in the processing and transmission of information.
Early Electronic Components: Vacuum Valves
Thermionic vacuum valves are considered the first electronic component. New findings were encouraging, leading to the development of radio, television, radar, and control systems. This culminated in the construction of the first computer (called ENIAC)
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