Plastics: Properties, Classification, and Manufacturing Techniques
1. Plastics: Origin and Transformation
Plastics play a prominent role in the development of various sectors. They are materials made of polymers, which consist of long chains of carbon atoms. Depending on its source, plastic can be:
- Natural Plastics: Obtained directly from plant or animal materials.
- Synthetic or Artificial Plastics: Prepared from compounds derived from petroleum, natural gas, or coal.
The industrial processing of these raw materials into plastics is called polymerization. During manufacturing,
Read MoreInstallation Requirements for Electrical Receptors up to 440V
1. Introduction
This document outlines the general installation requirements for electrical receptors operating at voltages up to 440V RMS between phases (254V RMS between phase and earth), supplied from a foreign network. These requirements are in accordance with Article 6 of the Low Voltage Electrotechnical Regulations and do not supersede the Low Voltage Directive (73/23/EEC) and the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (89/336/EEC). This applies even to receptors not supplied fully assembled,
Read MoreElectrical Installations in Ports and Marinas for Recreational Boats
1. Purpose and Scope
These requirements apply to electrical installations in ports and marinas that supply power to recreational boats. Vessels using these facilities must meet the requirements of applicable European Directives as provided in Article 6 of the Low Voltage Regulation. Vessels affected by Directive 94/25/CEE are excluded from this scope.
For the purpose of this instruction, a pleasure boat is defined as any floating unit used exclusively for sports and leisure, such as boats, yachts,
Read MoreUnderstanding Marine Engine Ignition and Fuel Systems
Marine Engine Ignition and Fuel Systems
Ignition System
Spark Generation
The Electronic Control Unit (ECU) determines the precise timing of the spark in each cylinder. Increased engine speed demands faster combustion, necessitating advanced ignition timing.
Spark Frequency
At 10,800 RPM in a 2-cylinder engine, there are 360 sparks per second (10800 RPM / 60 seconds/minute * 2 cylinders = 360 sparks/second). A 6-cylinder, 4-stroke engine at 7,200 RPM produces 360 sparks per second (7200 RPM / 60 seconds/
Read MorePassive and Active Electronic Components: A Comprehensive Guide
Unit 4: Building Blocks
1. Passive Components
Passive components transmit active electrical signals and provide links between them.
1.1. Resistance
These electrical components, made of ceramic or iron, produce voltage drops or reduce the current consumed by a load. Their resistance value, measured in ohms, depends on the color code painted on the exterior. The power they can dissipate (without burning) depends on their size.
Linear Resistors
Their resistance value is constant and predetermined by the
Read MoreSafe Temporary Electrical Installations for Events & Exhibitions
1. Scope
These requirements apply to temporary electrical installations for fairs, exhibitions, displays, stands, holiday street lighting, festivals, and similar events. The following definitions apply:
- Exhibition: An event for product exhibition or sale, held in a building, temporary structure, or outdoors.
- Display: A presentation or show at any suitable location (building, temporary structure, or outdoors).
- Stand: A temporary area or structure for presentations, marketing, sales, entertainment, etc.