Sensor Types: Temperature, Pressure, Flow, Weight, and pH
Sensor Types and Their Applications
Temperature Sensors
Temperature sensors are essential for various applications. Common types include:
- Bulb
- RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors)
- Thermistors
- Thermocouples
RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors)
Measurement Principle: Based on the change in electrical conductivity of metals with temperature variations.
- Platinum: -200°C to 900°C (Accuracy: ±0.01°C)
- Nickel: -150°C to 120°C (Accuracy: ±0.5°C)
- Copper: -200°C to 120°C (Accuracy: ±0.1°C)
Advantages:
Read MoreTroubleshooting PC Hardware: Hard Drives, Power Supply, and Network Cards
Recognizing and Resolving Hard Drive Issues
Once IDE or SATA devices are installed, verify system recognition in the BIOS. For IDE drives, check master/slave jumpers and connections to the motherboard and power supply if not detected. If issues persist, test with a new data cable or consider a defective hard drive, possibly with a damaged motor shaft. CD/DVD drives rarely cause problems; if installed correctly, they should work, otherwise, they might be damaged. Repairing failures often costs more
Read MoreUnderstanding Machines and Mechanisms
Machines and Mechanisms
Introduction
A machine is a device that reduces the effort required to perform a job. Mechanisms are groups of mechanical elements within a machine, each performing a specific task.
Simple and Compound Machines
Simple machines have a single point of support. Compound machines are composed of two or more simple machines.
Fundamental Law of Simple Machines
In a simple machine, the work done by the driving force equals the work done by the resisting force.
Lever
A lever is a simple
Read MoreMechanical Systems, Electrical Quantities, and Electronic Components
Types of Levers
First Grade
R, PA, F
Second Grade
PA, R, F
Third Grade
PA, F, R
Mechanical Transmission Systems
Worm Gear
Transmits rotary motion between two shafts that form a 90-degree angle (always input and output gear).
Description
- Has a single tooth-shaped wire thread.
- The gear is a toothed wheel. Each turn moves a single cog.
Features
- Transmission of motion through right angles.
- High cost.
- Silent operation.
Pinion-Rack System
This system uses a straight-toothed pinion and a rack. When the pinion turns, the
Read MoreSteam Power and Internal Combustion Engines: Principles and Operation
Cycle of Steam
The majority of installations for power generation from burning fuel (thermal) are steam-based, and these plants work according to variations of the Rankine thermodynamic cycle.
Plants usually utilize water steam as the working fluid and operate by burning solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel. Its main components are illustrated in Figure 3.1, where one can identify:
- Steam turbine
- Condenser
- Feed pump
- Boiler (steam generator)
- Chimney
- Electric Generator
- Cooling System (cooling tower)
As seen in Figure
Read MoreOverhead Power Line Structures and Network Configurations
Overhead Power Line Structures
Benches are structural elements supporting conductors and other components of overhead power lines. They withstand compression and bending forces from the weight of the materials and wind action. While various materials are permissible, wood, concrete, and steel are commonly used. Transmission lines typically employ standard lattice masts, categorized by their standardized load capacity (kg) and height (m). Determining the appropriate height and load capacity requires
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