IoT Physical Design, Communication Models, and Technologies
1. Physical Design of IoT
The physical design of IoT consists of IoT devices (things) that have unique identities and can perform sensing, actuation, and monitoring.
IoT Device Capabilities:
- Collect Data: Sensors gather data from the environment.
- Exchange Data: Devices communicate with other devices/applications via networks.
- Process Data Locally or in the Cloud: Some devices perform on-device processing, while others send data to centralized servers.
IoT Protocols (Layers):
- Link Layer – Defines how
Telecommunications Systems and Transmission Media
1. Definitions:
- System of Telecommunications: A technique for transmitting a message from one point to another, typically bidirectional.
- Channel of Communication: Used to route messages from the sender to the receiver.
- Means of Transmission: A physical support on which one or more communication channels can be created. A single means of transmission can be shared by several communication channels.
2. Types of Transmission Media:
Guided transmission media and unguided transmission media.
3. Sinusoidal
Read MoreUnderstanding Electronics: Resistors, Capacitors, and Semiconductors
Electronics Fundamentals
Electronics is a relatively new branch of technology.
Fixed Value Resistors
A resistor is an electronic component that reduces the flow of electrons in a circuit.
Why Use Resistors?
Resistors are electronic components that reduce the flow of electrical current.
Variable Resistors
- LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): A device activated by light, like street lampposts.
- Thermistors: Resistors that vary their resistance with temperature. Used in thermostats.
- Potentiometers: Resistors with
Energy Sources, Fuels, and Internal Combustion Engines
Energy Consumption in Various Sectors
The company uses large amounts of energy on activities such as:
- Operating all types of machinery and appliances.
- Conditioning of homes, businesses, and public spaces through the supply and installation of lighting, heating, and water.
- Extraction and processing of materials such as metals and plastics, and subsequent processing of these materials in factories.
Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
Renewable Resources:
These resources are limited and include:
- Solar: energy
Underground Cable Installation: Best Practices and Safety
The conductor of cables used in underground lines will be copper or aluminum and be insulated with appropriate mixtures of polymeric compounds. It should also be adequately protected from corrosion that may be caused by the ground where they are installed and will have sufficient strength to withstand the stresses to which they may be subjected.
Cables may contain one or more conductors and have a rated voltage not less than 0.6 / 1 kV. The cross-section of these conductors will be adequate for the
Read MoreDiodes, Transistors, and Lead-Acid Batteries: Key Concepts
Diodes: Semiconductor Devices
A diode is a semiconductor device that allows electric current to pass in one direction, behaving similarly to a switch. The characteristic curve of a diode (IV) consists of two regions: below a certain potential difference, it acts like an open circuit (non-conducting), and above it, it acts like a closed circuit with very small electrical resistance. Because of this behavior, diodes are often called rectifiers, as they can suppress the negative part of any signal as
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