Thermodynamics: Systems, Equilibrium, Laws, and Processes
Thermodynamic Systems
A thermodynamic system is a specific portion of matter with a definite boundary on which our attention is focused. The system boundary may be real or imaginary, fixed or deformable.
There are three types of systems:
- Isolated System – An isolated system cannot exchange energy and mass with its surroundings. The universe is considered an isolated system.
- Closed System – Across the boundary of the closed system, the transfer of energy takes place, but the transfer of mass doesn’t
Binary to Decimal Conversion, Bus Speed, Memory Types, and PC Components
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Here’s how to convert binary numbers to decimal:
- List the powers of two from right to left. Start with the number 1 (which is 20). Increment the exponent by one for each subsequent power. Stop when the number of elements in the list equals the number of digits in the binary number.
- Write down the corresponding power of two only if the binary digit is a 1.
- Add all the numbers from step 2 to get the decimal equivalent.
Bus Speed and Bus Width
- Bus Speed: This is the number of
Thermodynamics: Principles, History, and Applications
Introduction to Thermodynamics
The term ‘thermodynamics’ refers to a macroscopic description of bodies and processes.[13] “Any reference to atomic constitution is foreign to classical thermodynamics.”[14] The qualified term ‘statistical thermodynamics’ refers to descriptions of bodies and processes in terms of the atomic constitution of matter, mainly described by sets of items all alike, so as to have equal probabilities.
Thermodynamics arose from the study of two distinct kinds of transfer of energy,
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