Subordinate Clauses, Literary Movements, and Federico García Lorca
Subordinate Clauses: Types and Functions
Noun Subordinate Clauses
Conjunctions: *if*, *what*, *who*, *when*, *where*, *how*, infinitive without *to*.
Functions: Subject, Direct Object (CD – *that*, *if*, interrogative pronouns*), Prepositional Complement (CR – *prep. + which*), Noun Complement (CN – *prep. + which*), Adjective Complement (*prep. + that*), Attribute.
Adjective (or Relative) Subordinate Clauses
Relative Pronouns: *who*, *where*, *whom*, *which*, *whose*.
Relative Adverbs: *where*, *how*, *when*.
Functions of Relative Pronouns:
- Link the subordinate clause to the main clause.
- Substitute for the noun (antecedent) in the subordinate clause.
- Perform a supplementary function (Subject, CD, Indirect Object (CI)).
Functions of Relative Adverbs: Circumstantial Complement (CC), acting as a link.
Types of Adjective Subordinate Clauses: Specifying (no commas) and Explanatory (with commas).
Adverbial Subordinate Clauses
Classification:
- Place: *where*
- Time: *when*
- Manner: *how*
- Consecutive: *so…that*
- Concessive: *although*
- Conditional: *if*
- Causal: Because
- Final: *so that*
- Comparative: *more…than*, *less…than*, *as…as*
Place: *a*, *en*, *de*, *desde*, *por*, *hacia*, *hasta* (*to*, *in*, *of*, *from*, *through*, *to*, *to*)
Time: *always*, *meanwhile*, *before that*, *after that*, *ever since*, *whenever*, / *to* + Inf / Participle / Gerund.
Manner: *according to*, *according to that*, and also, *as if* / *no* + Inf / Participle / Gerund
Literary Tradition and Modernity
Literary Tradition
Collected both popular and cultured traditions. Modern authors like Bécquer inherited this double lineage: the more cultured pure poetry and the more traditional neo-populism.
Avant-Garde Modernity
Adopted the concept of creation, initially showing pure metaphor. An intellectual and dehumanized inclination suppressed sentimental and personal anecdotes.
The Silver Age of Spanish Literature
Noucentisme (or Generation of ’14)
- Lyric Poetry: Juan Ramón Jiménez
- Narrative: Ramón Pérez de Ayala, Gabriel Miró
- Essay: José Ortega y Gasset, Eugenio d’Ors, Américo Castro
- Poetic Prose: Ramón Gómez, Juan Ramón Jiménez
- Theater: X
Avant-Garde and Generation of ’27
- Lyric Poetry: Gerardo Diego, Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti
- Narrative: X
- Essay: Pedro Salinas
- Poetic Prose: X
- Theater: Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti
The 1920s and the Generation of ’27
In the 1920s, the Generation of ’27 emerged. These were cutting-edge, highly original, provocative, and disruptive artistic movements. They represented a dehumanized art, that is, pure art, regardless of reality, with a playful and experimental intent. These movements include Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, and Surrealism, with Surrealism having the greatest influence.
Generation of ’27: A group of poets who shared a great admiration for the Baroque poet Luis de Góngora. The tercentenary of Góngora’s death in 1927 served to give this group its name.
Major Poets: Pedro Salinas, Jorge Guillén, Gerardo Diego, Federico García Lorca, Vicente Aleixandre, Rafael Alberti, Dámaso Alonso, Luis Cernuda. This group shared their friendship at the Student Residence in Madrid.
Federico García Lorca (1898-1936)
Federico García Lorca was a poet and playwright who blended classical and popular tradition with the innovative spirit of the avant-garde. His outstanding works, achieving universality, summarize the tragic fate of human beings.
Literary Career Highlights
- *Poema del cante jondo* and *Romancero gitano* (1928).
- *Poeta en Nueva York* (1929-1931), which denounced the oppression of human civilization.
- *Sonetos del amor oscuro* and *Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías* (1935).
Notable Works
- *Bodas de sangre* (Blood Wedding) (1934)
- *Yerma* (1933)
- *La casa de Bernarda Alba* (The House of Bernarda Alba) (1936)
- *El público* (The Public) (1930)
- *Así que pasen cinco años* (When Five Years Pass) (1931)