Syntax, Text Types, and Discourse Operations: A Comprehensive Guide
Syntax
Coordinates
- Copulative (and, even)
- Disjunctive (or, either…or)
- Adversative (but, however, yet, despite this, although)
- Distributive (neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also)
- Illative (because, therefore, so)
- Explanatory (that is, i.e.)
- Continuative (and even then, in addition)
Substantive: SN
Can be replaced by a name and perform functions.
Role
- Subject (It bothers me)
- CD (I wish that everybody was happy)
- CRV (He refused to be utilized)
- Attribute (v. to be, seem)
- CN (I have the impression that tomorrow we will work well)
- Cadj. (I’m sure that it will come)
Type According to Link
- Relative (who, which)
- Completive (which, if)
- Completive Infinitive (infinitive)
- Interrogative (who, what, how, where)
Adjectives
Can be replaced by Saj. and serve as the adjective.
Function
- Nexus + CN: CN, CD, CRV, IC
- Nexus + Attribute: where, what, when
Substantivized
Role
- Subject (Who comes first, will be saved)
- CD (Click on what you have entrusted)
- CI (I know who they have offered it to)
- CRV (Don’t you realize what you did?)
- Attribute (Your brother is who has the game)
- CN (The fear of what may happen is unfounded)
- Cadj. (I’m happy with what I’ve achieved)
Nexus
- Who, what, where, for that reason, anyone who/whom
Adverbial
You can replace an adverb and serve as the adverb.
Type, Function and Linkage
- Place (CCL – on, where, within which, wherever)
- Time (CCT – when, meanwhile, whenever, after, as soon as)
- Mode (CCM – like, as if, according to)
- Comparative (so/as, as well…as, better than, the more…the less)
- Conditional (if, unless, provided, only that)
- Causal (because, as, since, as seen that)
- Purpose (so, so that, in order)
- Consecutive (so, so much/so that…too/enough/very…for/why)
- Concessive (although, even though, in spite of)
Application
Document asks where the person is assigned something in administration. Sender and receiver inter 1st person (I am assigned) or 2nd person plural (you are assigned).
Structure
- Personal (people)
- Exhibits (start with 1, say what happens)
- Request (start with 1, say the solution)
- Date and signature at the bottom and the upper landing.
Resume
- Title + name + photo (optional)
- Personal (person)
- Education (formal titles or regulated studies and other courses)
- Professional experience (work)
- Supplemental data (car, driving…)
Expository or Scientific Text
Objective = ordered information, logically and with clarity = disclosure. Does not want to convince but informs = neutrality and objectivity. Can explain something to understand = sets. Informational or educational purposes. Example = manual, tests, dictionary definitions, reports, news conferences, sayings.
Identification
Reported through descriptions, narratives, arguments, technicalities, connectors, copulative verbs, acronyms, symbols, foreign words, figures of speech, rhetorical questions, illustrations, examples, specific adjectives, abstract (summary) and extension (analysis).
Structure
- Introduction
- Topic development
- Conclusion
Technical, Scientific and Humanistic Texts
Textual Gender
- Specialized field (exchange of ideas from experts – discussions or thesis)
- Academic (knowledge through teaching – classes or TORs)
- Outreach (public knowledge – lectures or manuals)
These are divided according to the characteristics of the genre, channel and how specialized the subject is.
Types of Text
- Expository
- Argumentative
- Narrative
- Descriptive
- Inductive method
- Deductive method
Discourse Operations
Cognitive processes needed to build knowledge.
- Technical-scientific (representing, calculating, checking, drawing, apply, demonstrate, verify, evaluate, synthesize)
- Humanistic (assess, discuss, synthesize, summarize, compare, argue, criticize, suggest, interpret)
- Structure, describe, analyze, compare, justify, observe, illustrate, reason, deduce, evaluate, sort, select, classify, induce, identify.
Type of Sign
- Sign language
- Non-language
Sentence Modality
- Declarative
- Interrogative
- Exclamatory
- Hesitant
- Imperative
- Desiderative
- Exhortative
Morphological Features
Structure
- Nominal phrase + = utilized, after the verb and adverbial phrase
Adjective
- Predominance of the specified explanatory
Verb
- Nominalized – the importance of the noun
Verb Tenses
- Copulative
Tense
- Timeless action – lies not in time but stated with universal validity
Verbal Mode
- Indicative = objective reality
- Subjunctive and imperative = subjectivity = activities
Grammatical Persons
- 3rd person singular
Syntactic Features
Sentence
- Active, passive, reflexive and impersonal passive
Complementation
- Nominal and verbal
Syntax
Connectors
- Logical and structural or ordering
Lexicosemantic Features
Prevalence
- Monosemy (1 meaning and 1 reference)
- Hyponymy (pink daisy = flower)
- Hyperonymy (flower = pink daisy)
- Homonymy (different words that are written the same – doll)
They value what denotative = what it means.
Form
- Neologisms (Greek and Latin – megacephalic)
- Borrowings (loans – scanner)
- Semantic specialization (word that exists awarded to something specific – function)
- Syntagmatic composition (combination of elements – meaning)
- Acronyms (RADAR, UFO)
- Metonymy (person for object – Newton)