Systems Analysis and Design
Unit 1: Systems Analysis and Design
System
A system is a set of two or more interrelated elements that work together to achieve a common goal. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Process Measures
- Preliminary formulation of the problem
- Definition of the methodological approach
- Structure of a work plan
- Starting the project
Location
Factors that determine the cost and profit-maximizing location of a facility:
At the country level:
- Political stability
- Rules and regulations
- Bureaucracy
At the state level:
- Wishes of the corporation
- Regional attractions
- Cost of labor
At the local level:
- Infrastructure and communication
- Cost and size of the facility
- Proximity to services
Method of Factors
Provides objectivity to the process of identifying costs that are difficult to assess.
Breakeven Analysis
CT = F + Vx (graph)
Distribution of Plant
The location and arrangement of all things in and on tours throughout the building. Maximizes customer satisfaction, use, luxury, flexibility, and mood. Minimizes material handling costs.
Work Cells
Rearrangement of workers into a temporary group that focuses on building a product or group of related products.
Advantages:
- Reduced inventory, space, and costs
- Improved operation, participation, communication, and quality
Disadvantages:
- Increased material handling costs
Line Balancing
Allocation of work stations so that they have approximately equal time requirements. Maximizes efficiency and minimizes the number of stations.
In-Store Operations
Sales exposure varies directly with the customer’s proximity to the products.
Cross Docking
A distribution system in which the merchandise received is not stored but is immediately prepared for shipment.
Processes
- Strategic
- Operating
- Support
Theory of Constraints
Ideal theoretical system: An ideal process without restrictions.
Real system: The transformation has at least one restriction that determines productivity.
Capacity
The maximum number of units that can be received, stored, or produced by a facility in a given period.
- Design capacity: Maximum theoretical output
- Effective capacity: Maximum output possible given the existing operating constraints
Demand Management
Demand > Capacity:
- Increase prices
- Increase delivery times
- Increase capacity
Capacity > Demand:
- Reduce prices
- Increase marketing
- Change products
- Reduce capacity
Break Even Analysis
- PEQx = F / (PV)
- PEQ $ = F / (1-V / P) (for a single product)
- PEQ $ = F / (1-Vi/Pi) * Wi
- Forecast Wi = / Total Forecasts
- Table: Item / P / V / Uni / (1-V / P) / Forecast = (P * Uni) / W
- Wi = PEQ * What should I sell the product i in $.
- PEQ * Wi / Pi = What should I sell in units.
Forecasting
The basis for capacity planning, sales, production, and inventories. Predicting future events.
Features:
- Assume that the causal system of the past is repeated.
- Are not perfect.
- At least exact in the longer term.
- There is no superior method.
Types:
- Economic
- Technological
- Application
Time Series Models: Assume that the future is a function of the past.
Associative Models: Incorporate variables or factors that may influence the amount of forecast.
Exponential Smoothing: Ft-1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)
MAD = error / n
MSE = error ^ 2 / n
MAPE = 100 (error / actual) / n
Unit 2: Methodologies of Systems
Describes the components of a process, whether tangible or intangible, and their sequence within it to understand a problem or achieve the design of any system.
Collection – Structuring – Interpretation – Clarification
7 Methodologies
Ideawritting: Technical group to generate ideas and explore their meanings and make them more specific to those generated from a group.
Nominal Group Technique: Useful when required usually gather and evaluate many ideas at once.
Delphi: Tries to combine the use of the advantages of the trial with those of individual group. Avoiding problems that occur in discussion groups to give input to group procedure.
Non-Structural Interpretations Modeling: Provides a solid basis for conducting Theory of Relations. Useful in complex design goal and a great variety of items.
Field of Options: Provides end-of developing a clear description of the design and purpose thereof.
Profile Options: The visual or graphical representation of each alternative submitted or proposed within the options field.
Analysis of Trade-Off: It gives meaning and define a decision alternative when you have several in the context of choice.
Organizational Diagnosis
An experiential activity involving a group of people interested in proposing solutions, subjected to a self-analysis that should lead to a plan of action.
Interactive Body
Developed to help organizations in confronting complex situations.
Unit 3: Total Design
A systematic process that starts from identifying the needs of the consumer market until the sale of a satisfactory final product.
Phases:
- Market Requirements
- Conceptual Design
- Design in Detail
- Manufacture
- Sale
Collaborative Development: Teamwork
In order to develop innovative product designs. There are synchronous and asynchronous methods.
1. Market (Technical)
Parametric Analysis: Identify the position of product on the market in relation to competition.
Analysis of Customer Needs: Surveys, interviews, experimental method, delphi.
Analysis Matrix: Features vs. C1 – C2 – My Product
2. Requirements
QFD: The Role of Quality Deployment
Required and Preferred
Items of Design: Amount, Maintenance, Quality, Weight, Cost, Materials, Performance, Ergonomics
3. Design Concept
Identify alternative design to product requirements. Evaluate those alternatives and select the best. And transform the requirements into a more detailed level.
1. Identification of Key Characteristics
Black Box: Conditions of entry – X – Out Conditions
QFD
Morphological Matrix: Functional vs. requisites. Perpetrators of function (op).
Ishikawa Diagram: Manpower, Methods, Machinery, Materials, Metrology, Environment -> Design
2. Identification of Key Resources
Cost by Design: Engineering for the cost analysis in order to minimize a product’s price or cost, for an increase in sales.
Proof of Domain: Technical Specification – Features – Resources (2) – Criteria ($, Accuracy, Speed, Flexibility, Sumatroria)
Life Cycle Cost: Developing a model of Total Cost per acquisition, operation, maintenance and disposal of a product throughout its life.
4. Design Details
Group tasks used to complete product design, which meets the requirements and design approach defined.
• Design Analysis: Assesses the ability of design to meet product specifications at the lowest possible cost. Make a reliable product, preventing problems, generate actions.
• Design Synthesis: Use very abstract descriptions to develop physical representations.
• Prototype: physical models and software used to ensure the information to: Reduce uncertainty Oprimizar parameters, Test design.
• Model: A simplified representation of a system, developed to understand, predict and control the behavior of the system.
• Simulation: To experiment with different design requirements to ensure they are feasible and conform to the desired final product.
• Techniques of Design:
1. Finite Element Analysis: Use mathematical tools to predict stress and its effect on the physical behavior of the system.
2. Analysis of Environmental Stress: Technique for assessing the performance of the product under ambient conditions, either on the parties and the product itself.
3. Analysis and Failure Mode Effect: Technique to assess and reduce the effects caused by potential failure modes.
• Test and Evaluation: Improving product, identify and correct problems, reduce technical risk.
• Validation: Ensures that the design meets customer expectations.
• Verification: Ensures that the design and manufacturing can meet all design requirements.
• Design Reviews: Used to identify problems and technical risks in the development of design, prototyping, testing, manufacturing processes, productivity and use.
• Design Maduro: One who has been validated, verified and tested prior to production to meet all requirements including productivity.