t1 t2
Frequency adverbs*
Always
Often
Usually
Sometimes
Hardly ever/rarely/ it’s rare for me to…
Never
would for
the future in past
When talking about the past we can use would to express something that has not happened at the time we are talking about:
In London she met the man that she would one day marry.
would for conditionals
We often use would to express the so-called second and third conditionals:
If he lost his job he would have no money.
would for polite requests and questions
Would you open the door, please? (more polite than: Open the door, please.)
Dazed: atordit Distraught: distret Stumped: ensopegat Bewildered: desconcentrat Flustered: nerviòs Disorientated: desorientat Befuddled: confuso Baffled: perplejo Implicate: Implicar Exonerate: liberar | Acquit: ya absuelto Remand: prisión preventiva Convict: condenar Detain: detener Release: poner en libertad Penalty: castigo Plea: súplica Prosecutions: acusación Testimony: testimonio Defendant: acusado |
Present perfect: Unspecified point in the past. 1. Actions in the past and continue up in the present (often with for and since) 2. An experience with ever, never, already, just and yet. Form: Subject + have+ participle verb.
1. I’ve had this photo of my aunt for over twenty years
2. We’ve never discovered who took the photo
Present perfect continuous: Actions in the past and continue up in the present, an action which has repeatedly in the past and that still happening now. (often with for and since). The emphasis is on the duration of the activity.
Form: Subject + have + be (been) in participle + verb –ing
Past perfect:Subject + had + participle verb. Use: To talk about actions or events yhat happened before another action or event in the past, often with time expressions like: by the time, when, before, after and until I bought the sculpture
-The artist had died before
Past perfect continuous: Subject + have + be (been) in participle + verb –ing. Use: Ongoing activity leading up to a more recent past.
The painting had been losing its bright colours , so we took it to an artist to have it restored.
Background information about an event
He’d been working on the portrait for months
Future perfect: Subject + will + have + participle verb. An action that will be completed before a definite time in the future: By this time this year, they will have closed down the housing scheme
Future perfect continuous: Subject + will + been + verb –ing
Perfect infinitive: to have + been + participle verb
Perfect infinitive: –ing: (to) have –ing + participle verb
Future tenses:
Present simple:To express future when we refer to events which are part of timetable.
-The train leaves at 7:30
Present continuous:To talk about a definite plan for the near future:
– We are having a party tonight.
– We are going to the beach tomorrow morning.
Describing change Change over time: evolve, adapt Completely change, become different: Transform, alter Change for the better: Reform,improve, progress, enhance Change back to a former form: Reverse, restore and revert Influence something: Shape, determine. | Phrasal verbs: A bone of contention: a subject of disagreement between people All skin and bones: extremely thin Jumped out of her skin: moved suddenly as a result of shock or surprise Saved his skin: escaped from, injury, punishment or death Close at hand: within reach, nearby In sb hands: controlled or looked by someone Made no bones about: was frank and open about something |
Negative adjectives: Aloof: Apartado Callous: cruel Jittery: Nervioso Obnoxious: Desagradable Wary: Cauteloso Uptight: Tiesa Tacky: hortera Gullible: Crédula/ Ingenuo Gruesome: Horrible Sulky: Malhumorada | Positive adjectives: Debonair: amable Righteous: Honrado Self-assure: Seguro de sí mismo Unbiased: Imparcial Upbeat: Optimista Zany: Loco Dashing: Elegante Thrifty: Ahorrador Alluring: Atractivo Steadfast: Firme/inalterable | More vocabulary: Annoying: Molesto Narrow-minded: cerrado de mente Carefree: despreocupado Mean: Mezquino Creative: Creativo Conceited: creído Sarcastic: Sarcástico Stubborn; tenaz Ambitious: Ambicioso Open-minded: De mentalidad abierta Bad-tempered: malhumorado Dull: aburrido | Loyal: fiel Talkative: parlanchin Spontaneous: espontáneo Charming: encantador Good-natured: Bueno Laid back: despreocupado Dis-headed: creído Trunk: baúl Pasta maker: máquina de hacer pasta Matrioshka dolls: muñecas rusas Poncho: poncho Sew: coses Knit: tejes | Vocabulary llibre: Grumpy: Gruñoso Introverted: Introvertido Erratic: Errático Courteous: Cortés Abrupt: Abrupta Bizarre: Extraño. Rigorous: Riguros. Anecdotal: Anecdòtica |