The Cinematograph: Film Formats and Camera Operation

Posted on Aug 4, 2024 in Technology

THE CHAMBER Cinematograph

The universal step-close panoramic formats
The format step is the step universal standard format called 35mm. Este the first to use in film and shares universal step in photography.
The formats are narrower narrow passage less than 35mm. 16mm example.
The widescreen format is superior to 35mm.Ejemplo 65mm.
35mm
The 35mm format was among the first to be used and is now still in use in films. It is also used for film television and television series (not all). The 35mm format has variants (sub-formats). We’ll divide into three groups:
Format 35mm spherical lenses.
This format is defined height and width
1.33 -> Known for fullscreem or open window. This is a format that has four holes in the sides and the dimensions where the image is printed is 18’67x 24’29. First format used in cinema and is set in 1909 at the international conference, sponsored by Kodak (1’33: 1). It is also silent. In the decade of the 30s this format is set on television and called 4:3.
1’37-> name is academic. Also used 4 holes and the printing area of the image is 16’03x 22’05. This is the format that has the movies when sound was introduced in 1927.
– Scenic.
There are several types:
* 1’66 These 4 holes but the area is more rectangular print high is 18’67mm x 24’89ancho. It allows the introduction of sound. Not used much.
16:9 Promoted by the television industry. It has 4 holes. High 14’00x 24’89.
It is intended for high-definition television (HDTV) its proportion 1’77. It has been used in movies.
* 1:85 has 4 holes. You 12’91 x 22’05. It is the usual format in movie theaters.
Anamorphic lens.
This is a 35mm format but uses two special lenses. It is anamorphic lenses. The first lens is placed on the film camera, this lens produces an effect of compressionion of the image when taking the picture, so that results in a very narrow rectangular widescreen. The second lens is placed at the film projector used in the room. It is also an anamorphic lens whose effect is to decompress the image into a rectangular format that can grow to 2’55: 1 which is the cinemascope format. This format began to be used in the 50s in western movies. It is used in all types of film
P high definition 1980×1080 (progressive)
Ready 1338x 1080HD sold (i)
Normal 720×576
Full HD sony
Formats narrow passage.
These are standard 16mm double holes. Dimension where the image is impressive 7’46 x10’26. It’s the middle of 35mm. Format is the first low-budget movies, series and independent film.
Use a Super 16mm single hole. This is a format designed for television movies in high definition.

Panoramic formats is known as panoramic screen, and actually used for the animated film (cartoon), documentaries, scientific and type blockbusters are already used to movie productions.
65mm negative is a format that can also reach 70mm. There are several types that differ by the perforations in the sides. IMAX ONNMAX. This format employs 15 holes on each side and higher dimensions are 73’38 x 52’63. In the screening room this format requires a spherical screen that wraps the viewer in the center, size and the surround effect occurs in the image viewer the very real effect. When a film is exhibited in a different format that has been recorded there are two possibilities:
Pan and Scan is to scan the original image and adapt the format projection have any dramatic element to the story development is projected panoramic where the element occurs. They are the necessary elements.
Issue the original exactly (horizontal stripes) Will the calving of two bands up and down to induce this format. It is to fit the screen. In practice information is lost because the TV screen is not suited.
The films are composed essentially of two elements:
1 For the Support
2 º For the emulsion
1 For the support
In the early films using cellulose nitrate (celluloid). This presented a problem first support is highly flammable. It was replaced by cellulose triacetate. This support has a greater chemical stability and also holds the combustion. The latter is the one used today.
2 º For the emulsion
The emulsion is composed of the following
A base composed of gelatin and a coating antihalation. Gelatine is the mass in which to mix the elements.
Mass properties
Increases light sensitivity of silver halides are sensitive to light elements.
2. Gelatine is permeable, that is, to allow passage of various chemicals.
3.La gelatin is transparent, does not affect the screening of the film.
Then, the sensitive element of the film are the silver halides, which is a chemical that reacts to light so that areas that receive more light turns black (I know escurecer) in greater proportion to the areas that receive less light. The silver halide may be:
Silver iodide
Silver bromide
Silver chloride
Each film uses each of these products. In principle, the silver iodide react only to the portion of the blue light spectrum.
The first films were sensitive to blue. These films were called sensitive to blue. In force until the ’20s. Apart from the 20 is experiment with silver halides that are sensitive to green and green light yellowish white. This film was calledortho-chromatic. Later experiment with another substance that increased sensitivity to the red spectrum. These films are called panchromatic. Substances that are added to silver halide color to increase sensitivity is called sensitizers. The first had no sensitizers.
The films are panchromatic b / n
The emulsion also contains a substance which is responsible antivelo stem blacken the effect of silver halide that have not been affected by light, but would continue more slowly darkening. It also carries a substance that is responsible for hardening gelatin do not know too much people talk about during the development processes and finally has another antibacterial substance that prevents the generation of microorganisms in the film. It also adds a layer that handles antihalation avoid any light reflection on the merits of the film and that these reflexes could affect the silver halide which distort the image. The films have a number of properties
1 Sensitivity and speed of the film.
Measure the amount of light needed for optimum blackening density to form an image. We found several types of film depending on the sensitivity
Movies Fast or High Sensitivity
Need less light to form images. They are characterized by the silver halides are larger.
Movies from low sensitivity (slow)
Are characterized by the size of silver halide are thinner and smaller.
Medium sensitivity
Such films have a normal grain (intermediate)

CLASSIFICATION OF FILMS

It established a scale of sensitivity. The best known is ASA (American) DIN
(European)
ISO was established body of international standards.
Exposure latitude
All the films require a certain amount of light to form an adequate density and produce the image. This amount of light is determined by the following relationship.
Luminous Intensity x Exposure = Time.
High intensity
Long
When the film does not behave proportionally there are two possible cases.
Sub – Exposure Overexposure
* The sub-exposure the film receives less light than necessary
* Overexposure The film gets too much light and breaks the proportionality of exposure latitude CONTRAST.
The contrast is defined as the highest and lowest difference between the lights and shadows ofthe lights and shadows of the image. There are three types of contract.
1. High contract is characterized because it presents some images with b / w very sharp, low grayscale.
2 º. Under contract is a grayscale and hardly any b / w pure.
3 º. Hire normally contains a balance between high contrast and low contrast, the b / w and not pure greyscale defined.
He hires you depends on factors:
-The contract for lighting in the scene A scene illuminated so that the difference in shade-lit areas provides an increase in the image.
“The type of film and developing process. Depending on developer can increase the rate of hire.
According to the response of the film facing exposure level hires can talk about normal, high and low.
The contract usually occurs when the response of the film is proportional to the level of illumination, the relationship between the original scene illumination and recorded different types of gray is proportional factor is known as Contract 1.
When the response of the film is not at the level of exposure and the contract of the negative is greater than the contract for the lighting of the original scene is said to have contracted factor is greater than 1 (high-contrast).
When the response of the film is not proportional to the level of illumination of the scene and the contract of minor negative is that the contract for the lighting of the original scene is said to have hired a factor of less than 1 and is known as low-contrast .
The relationship between the sensitivity of the film.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FILMS IN COLOR
Blue light yellow couplers to Layer
Green Light Magenta Layer Copulantesà
Red Light Cyan Layer Copulantesà.
After developing, through positivism. This process allows the screening of the film in its original colors.
The original final scene. another type of movie. Reverse type of photo slideshow. These films revealed that after a positive result directly without going through a negative. Such films are cheaper, independent film, 16mm, 400 ASA film invisible.Cada has a particular use.
35mms films for television (TV movie, tvmovie) for TV films with big budget. big-budget series. big-budget documentaries, advertising.
16mm low-budget documentaries are also used for widescreen and 65-70mm are used for scientific documentaries or films for display informative large-format IMAX screens or ONIMAX.
INVERSE FILMS
35mm b / w


RULES conservationist of film.
Save the film sealed in a dry and cold. First, before using cold films should spend some time at room temperature to pass air temperature to prevent condensation.
The films must be removed from the heat sourceThe films must be used before the expiry date which appears on the can of film, from the expiry date there may be a veil that reduces the contract, also in color film may appear dominant or different shades of color color to the scene. The films must be kept away from humidity and in dry places. The films must also be protected from the x-ray film exposed to light impressed but without disclosing it is advisable to disclose as soon as possible but if not can, in these cases the film should be stored at 30 degrees below zero, until it reaches the laboratory.
The films should not be stored in areas where chemicals are because they can affect the film.
The movie camera.
The movie camera is now comprised of a metal body, comprising the following components:
An optical drive:
Goal that aims to reproduce in a controlled way the scene is in its coverage area and projecting the image before a printing channel.
b) is called hood filter holder:
This component has the task to protect the optics against the impact of certain light rays may affect the image. Also used to install filters or masks.
Print Channel:
It’s where the film moves to register the frame.
Continuous drive mechanism.
This mechanism is responsible for removing the film to the channel to transport the print and carry the film and subsequently struck up the other compartment.
Intermittent drive mechanism
This mechanism is responsible for accurately placing the frames in the print channel. These must remain motionless exposure time.
Shutter Mechanism
It deals interrupt the projection of the image when the film is moving.
Storage System
It consists of a chassis storage of unexposed film and the exposed material.
Drive system is responsible for moving the continuous drag mechanisms, intermittent filling and collection of the film impressed.
Vision system and frame.
It is used to accurately frame the film.
Command and control.
For regulating all camera functions.
Now with more detail.
The optical drive
The film aims are high precision and optical quality and are characterized by two conditions.
These minimize optical aberrations of lens defects, compared to other optics. They are more expensive than normal.
Optics are larger and heavier than the optical video. The scale of numbers usually presents Fon a scale similar but more accurate. These are the values T. T values are equal to F (2, 2’8, 4, 5’6, 8,11,16). But the difference is this. T values include losses of light that occur in the internal scales of the optics. This loss is caused by absorption. T values tend to be more closed than the numbers F. Another packaging, though still often used optical zoom lens being used.
Hood or filter holders.
In film cameras is a key because it avoids the reflection and ensures a good hire. In the old film cameras wearing a sun visor adjustable bellows. In modern cameras are not used. This system is used to attach filters and masks. Before gelatin filters were now crystal filter for quality. More useful Mount 4×4 = 10x 10cm. When using zoom cameras in these cases the frames should be larger parasols 5’x5 ‘and 6’x6’.
Print Channel
It is the window through which parade the frames at the time of exposure. Contains two windows called contraplatina plate and therefore contraplatina the platen and the film remains flat at the time of printing and subject of the film is by supporting and not on the emulsion. You can also exchange, ie a camera that can work with 35mm and the 16mm.
Continuous drive mechanism
It is based on the film which has perforations on the sides and used rollers to fit into the rollers. This mechanism moves the film is on the chassis of virgin material to the printing channel. Once the impression this mechanism also moves the film to the frame of exposed film. The roller mechanism in the modern cameras are incorporated into the chassis to make it more comfortable.
Intermittent drive mechanism
Responsible for accurately locating a front to channel frames for printing. To achieve this precision is achieved by a few hooks that have the function of each frame set accurately so they will not move on every exhibition. This hook uses the perforations of the film. Some cameras use a more precise system contragarfio.
Shutter Mechanism
It consists of a disk with a variable opening between 120 º and 230 º. This album revolves around the printing channel with the objective of preventing the passage of light as the frame is moving with a speed of 24fps
In modern cameras the mechanism used with a reflex type viewfinder instead of a direct viewfinder. Therefore shutter disks are located at 45 degrees from the optical axis in order to deflect the image to the viewer at the time of filling. The shutter mechanism is directly linked to exposure so that as the shutter angle can let in more or less light.
Storage System of the film.
At first they used two chassis, one for virgin material and the other for the displays. In the 20s came the double chassis, is a single storage warehouse with a double and a single gear on the camera. It can be loaded into black bags. The dual-compartment chassis is usually used. The rolls used are 120 and 300 meters with durations of 7 and 11 minutes. Although there are rolls of 150 meters. The standard rolls are 300 feet and are 11 minutes. Typically carry several loaded chassis to poderlos change.
Drive System
In the first cameras were manual, but later was replaced by an electric motor. At first the noise generated by engines which joined the chamber a blimp. This system serves to reduce camera noise. The engines worked manually to 12 o15w therefore need a battery for this voltage. The engines allow you to vary the pace of shooting. The rate is 24fps but also often can be changed to 48fps or more. In this case there is a slow motion effect, or giving 12fps lapse effect. These effects occur with the projector in the room who’s always going to 24fps. In the film does not change the recording speed. These effects where the video came out can not be done, but will improve in the post.
Vision system and frame.
At first the cameras were equipped with a direct viewfinder. Direct viewfinder cameras incorporating a small error in what is recorded is not the same as that seen and is called parallax. In the 20 was changed to a reflex viewfinder. This viewer uses a system of mirrors to send the same light as the channel will print the film is now also the viewfinder if the camera sees what is going to burn.
Command and control.
All the cameras are.
Regulator of the sensitivity of the film. This controller allows to regulate the sensitivity of the film that we will use.
Regulator recording speed. It determines how many frames are going to register.
Odometer meter length of the film used in the specified meters used.
Regulator to calculate exposure. The latest cameras are built to carry a light meter. This exposure meter measures the light then recommends an appropriate f-number. Directors of photography but do not trust and use a handheld exposure meter and calculated manually.
Command SMPTE code. It allows synchronization with the sound equipment and when using multiple cameras. Also recently obción cameras usually have the sound recording in the same team but in practice not used.
In modern cameras usually incorporate an auxiliary device to incorporate a video output. Some cameras allow video viewing via a video cable to the camera. It is also possible to record in digital cinema in the modern cameras in the cinema.
FILM CAMERA MODELS
ARRIFLEX and Panavision
Where are brands specialized in manufacturing complete film cameras.
The ARRIFLEX is the European type of cameras, camera is lighter than Panavision. Therefore this type of cameras used in productions that require mobility camera without a tripod (camera in hand or steady cam)
PANAVISION cameras are heavier and more expensive high-quality optics and are ideal for working on dishes. They are most often used in Hollywood.
ARRIFLEX 435 535 535B
PANAVISION Platium
OPERATION OF FILM CAMERAS.
The sequence of the expression of the film at the movie camera is as follows:
1 The unexposed film is loaded in a frame in a dark room so that light does not affect you. Can also be done with black gloves where the film gets its chassis is only used when they are over loaded chassis.
2nd chassis is loaded in the chamber much like the video camera.
3 When the camera is turned on, the shutter closes, preventing the passage of light. Then the following is for the camera gear approaching the perforations of the film through a system of hooks and contragarfios. And dragged her to the print window. The next step the movie stops for a split second against the channel remains flat and printing and fixed for a very small fraction of a second in it’s time the shutter opens and lets the light coming from the goal. Exposure occurs only when the frame is stationary. Here is the shutter closes to allow the film in advance of receipt of chassis compartment. This process is repeated with the frequency standard of 24fps.
Capturing sound in the process of operation is independent but the main connection between image and sound must be synchronization. Therefore the start of filming of the movie camera and the onset of digital sound recorder must be synchronized. There are several recording techniques (timing) we have some.
At first he used the sound of the clapper as synchronization point. This technique can be misleading only assemblers with experience they can detect.
It has changed.
The sync cable, radio frequency, and synchronization for electronic slate.
At present, the sound recorded on digital tape via DAT tape once in about ¼ inch is used NAGRA, also uses the digital DAT.
DIGITAL CINEMA
Digital cinema is directly related to high definition (HD). Let’s see the different formats that exist today. Cinema HD formats including high-end and high-definition basic formats. It means that there are today can be thought of work using the high definition formats.
High Definition format.
The most basic
HDV
It is the only standard for high-definition format. It is a format agreed by all companies SONY, CANON, JVC, SHARP.
Shares features with HDV DV.
The main feature is the field and the thickness of the tape.
HDV <- DV Tape / MiniDV Tape-> DV
HDV features are:
1. There is not one but is presented in two formats
a.HDV-1
b. HDV-2.
The HDV-1 is known for 720p means that this format is progressive, ie not using interlaced fields (Progressive) and the resolution is 1280×720
DV 720×576 interlaced (i)
The landscape is rectangular 16:9 aspect approximates what cinemascope.
The sample format of luminance signals and color brightness is 4:2:0. The quantification is 8 bits. The video compression format MPEGII MPoHL