The Communication Process: An Overview

Posted on Sep 21, 2024 in Language

The Communication Process

The communication process is intentionally initiated when an issuer transmits a message to a receptor. Signs suggest something else.

Schema of Communication

  • The emitter sends the message.
  • The receptor receives and interprets the message.
  • The message is the information the emitter transmits.
  • The location is the set of circumstances surrounding the act of communication: the time and place.
  • The code produces the system of signs employed to develop the message.
  • The channel is how the message circulates.

Text

Text is a complete message transmitted orally or by an act of communication.

Kinds of Texts

  • Informative: Aims to facilitate new knowledge.
  • Persuasive: Convinces the recipient of some idea.
  • Prescriptive: Guides the action of the receptor.
  • Literary: Tries to create an aesthetic impression.

Classes of Text

  • Narrative: Tells of actual or fictitious events that occur at a specific time.
  • Descriptive: Shows features of objects or beings.
  • Dialogue: Exchanges information with other partners.
  • Argumentative: Defends an opinion reasonably.

Language

Language permits human beings to communicate with each other through the use of oral signs.

  • Phonemes are minimal meaningless units (e.g., k, i, l).
  • Words are phonemes agreed to attach a meaning to.
  • Statements are combinations of words that express ideas.
  • Texts are combinations of statements.

Narrative

Narrative is the story of actions, real or fictitious, that some characters perform.

Types of Narratives

  • News: Told in newspaper articles as news.
  • Literary: Narrated with literary character.

Narrator

  • Internal: A character presents the narrative as the protagonist or witness. This narrator often uses the 1st person.
  • External: Not involved in the narrative. This narrator is omniscient when they know all about the characters and usually uses the 3rd person.

Statements

A statement is an autonomous set of words by which an idea is expressed.

Types of Statements

  • Sentences: Statements that have one or more verbs.
  • Phrases: Sentences without a verb.
  • Interjections: Express feelings such as pain, surprise, indignation, contempt, or admiration.

Modality of the Utterance

How the speaker presents the statement:

  • Declarative: Presents a fact objectively, affirming or denying the statement.
  • Interrogative: Takes the form of a question.
  • Exclamatory: Takes the form of an exclamation.
  • Exhortative: Is expressed as an order.
  • Desiderative: Is expressed as a wish.
  • Dubitative: Is presented as a doubt.
  • Possible: Presents a possibility or probability.

Phrase

A phrase is a group of words that perform a function.

Phrase Structure

[det] or [mod.] + N + [compl.]

Classes of Phrases

  • Prepositional
  • Nominal
  • Verbal
  • Adjectival
  • Adverbial

Sentence Structure

A sentence is formed by a noun phrase, which functions as the subject, and a verb phrase, which acts as the predicate.

Description

Description is the presentation of the characteristic features of beings, objects, places, or events belonging to the real world or an imaginary world.

Types of Description

  • Objective: Presents information without personal opinions. Objective descriptions are often technical or scientific.
  • Subjective: Shows the speaker’s perception of what they describe. Subjective descriptions are common in literature or advertising.

Verb

Verbs are words that express actions, processes, or states located in a determined time.

  • Root: The lexical part that supports the meaning of the verb.
  • Desinences: Terminations that are added to a root.
  • Conjugation: The set of forms obtained by combining the root with various endings.
  • Tense: The set of verb forms that show changes in time and person.
  • Suffixation: A word training procedure consisting of adding a suffix to the root.

Dialogue

Dialogue is the exchange of information between two or more people.

Conversation

Conversation is a spontaneous dialogue that occurs between interlocutors who are usually on an equal and informal footing.

Interview

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