The Enlightenment: Key Ideas and Thinkers
2. What are the characteristics of the eighteenth century or the Enlightenment? “The main character of philosophy is the enlightened, free-thinking. His thinking is a universal critical in a frontal attack on any form of religious dogma, superstition, bigotry or oppression intellectual, social or political. They believe in human progress through the development of reason.
Exert a work of “advertisers” reporting through encyclopedias and dictionaries of scientific and philosophical. It is a non-university culture. The “philosopher” is a man of the world that participates actively in the society in which vive.La illustration creates a model of rationality in contrast to Cartesian rationality.
What, now, the three characteristics of the reason they give rise to three types of reasoning? Explain each
1-empirical Reason:
The proposed Cartesian model of rationality as a mathematical-geometric reason. The Enlightenment rejected this model and proposes an alternative: an empirical reason. The inspiring are Locke and Newton: The reason is no longer in possession of the truth, but is never quite finished searching.
Reason 2-criticism: The critical attitude is a common feature of all the enlightened. The analysis is precisely the instrument of criticism.
· Criticism of reason itself, which leads to define the boundaries of the knowledge capacity of human beings.
· Criticism of tradition, which is considered full of errors and superstitions.
autonomous Reason: The reason is considered as free from all foreign tutelage, of all authority
How do you understand the concept of progress in the Enlightenment? How do we understand it today?
Humanity are considered forward when you think the story moves slowly but inexorably from the worst to the best and that the present moment is the most perfect time in history of science, the arts, politics, morality, etc. This idea of progress is born with the Enlightenment. There was widespread critical attitude towards the past and found to humanity and reason would be improved infinitely. Currently, the distrust of the idea of progress has invaded the collective mentality because of the ongoing wars, ecological disasters, social injustice on a global level
7. What Kantian expression summarizes the proposal or draft philosophy? What key issues expressed his philosophical project?
Kant fully identified with the ideals of the European Enlightenment. The expression that summarizes the proposal is philosophical: “Dare to think for yourself” The emancipation of human beings through reason is the core of the philosophical project Kant.Kant noted that “philosophy” can be reduced to three fundamental questions: What I can know, What should I do? And what I might be expected?
8. What I can I know? This is the first issue of Kant’s philosophical project. What develops work? What is the goal that made or proposes to achieve? What is the result we achieved?
What I can know? Is the theme of the Critique of Pure Reason. The work appeared in 1781. The Kantian solution passes through a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. This is to say that there is knowledge only when the rational elements of knowledge are very sensory experience. Thus Kant, unlike Hume, knowledge model stands as the physics of Newton, a paradigmatic example of synthesis of mathematical reason and experience, and, coinciding with Hume, knowledge excludes dogmatic metaphysics.
9. What Kant addresses in his “Criticism of Practical Reason? How to understand the duty? What conditions requires a moral imperative to be really a moral duty? When our will can be considered good?
Kant deals with the issue of morality in his Critique of Practical Reason. Kant from the fact that we all have the experience of “moral duty“. That is, all we are able to differentiate between what we like or we want to achieve and what we do. The “duty” is expressed through mandates or imperatives such as: “You must do X”. The question is: what conditions requires a moral imperative to be really a moral duty? The trials should be “universal and necessary” to constitute real moral duties. Or a duty binding on all, or not really a moral duty. The duties are set by a universal moral imperative based formal categórico.Kant adds something essential to their conception of morality: only when we act out of duty is when our will can be considered good. A will is “good” (morally) only when it decides to act out of pure respect for moral law.
9. What Kant addresses in his book “Critique of Practical Reason? How to understand the duty? What conditions requires a moral imperative to be really a moral duty? When our will can be considered good?
Kant deals with the issue of morality in his Critique of Practical Reason. Kant from the fact that we all have the experience of “moral duty.” That is, all we are able to differentiate between what we like or we want to achieve and what we do. “Duty” is expressed through mandates or imperatives such as: “You must do X”. The question is: what conditions requires a moral imperative to be really a moral duty? The trials should be “universal and necessary” to what actually constitutes moral duties. Or a duty binding on all, or not really a moral duty. The duties are set by a universal moral imperative based formal categórico.Kant adds something essential to their conception of morality: only when we act out of duty is when our will can be considered good. A will is “good” (morally) only when it decides to act out of pure respect for moral law.
What are the two types of moral imperatives, according to Kant?
Moral imperatives can be of two types: Maximum: subjective principles of action and law practices: objectives and principles are universal, ie valid for all. The moral obligation is expressed by law. Kant said that there are two kinds of morality: morality and moral formal material.
When morality is material, according to Kant? What are their characteristics?
A morality is material when its imperatives tell us what we need and what order we get if we act that way. An example: “If you want to be happy” end “then you should always choose the middle ground-rule-” All systems prior to Kant’s moral is “material.” Kant believes that they were unable to establish universal duties. Indeed, this moral imperatives are always hypothetical, like: “If you want …, then you …”: Therefore, the requirement would only oblige those who accept the purpose (eg, happiness) but not to be disqualified as desirable: it would therefore be a universal duty. In addition, these imperatives are always empirical or material, and that only experience can determine the rules for happiness. Now However, experience can never justify a universal statement. It is possible that many people do not agree that happiness is in the middle.
12. When morality is formal? What is the definition of categorical imperative? What are the characteristics of the categorical imperative? What are the characteristics of formal morality?
The formal moral imperatives contains no “material” to say what to do. Has only one requirement that only states what constitutes the “form” of any moral imperative: universal duty. This imperative is: “Act only according to a maxim such that you can at the same time it becomes universal law” is a categorical imperative, because it is not subject to any conditions. And that is formal and does not say what to do. All it says is that for a “maximum” personal conduct may be considered by me as a moral duty, it is necessary that I should want to become a universal duty. Ie, that what or consider it a duty for me too should be a must for everyone. The moral imperative of Kant is then: categorical, formal, rational and a priori.
13. What are the postulates of practical reason? What is its importance or what facts justify it? What is each of them?
The postulates of practical reason or conditions are presupposed the existence of morality. Thus Kant rescues the great metaphysical issues through practical reason. So :1-Freedom. What is the sense of duty, guilt, liability, judgments if we are not free? 2-The immortality of the soul. Nature has been the tendency in man to duty, and we know that nature does nothing in vain. If you have set the trend in man has to be fulfilled in this life but the man is a limited emergency conditioned by the body, selfishness, desire … Therefore, to guarantee the possibility of progress indefinite virtue is necessary for man to be inmortal.3 “The existence of God. Virtue is the intention and the struggle “to be subject to duty.” Happiness is excluded as a determining motive of moral action, but not as a “prize” of virtue. We often observe that the line of duty is normally rigged the opposite of happiness. For the moral duty and meaningful it is necessary that God exists and align virtue and happiness in the future.