The History and Evolution of Television
1. History of television
1.1 Mechanical television
1876. Telephone. Sound= electrical signal
1878. Muybridge sequence. Cinema.
1884. Nipkow disk. Television
1886. Hertzian waves. Radio.
Scottish inventor John Logie Baird
employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems (30 holes).
On 25 March 1925, Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion.
• In 1927, Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles (705 km) of telephone line between London and Glasgow.
Mechanical limitation • Because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks, and disks beyond a certain diameter became impractical, image resolution on mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low, ranging from about 30 lines up to 120 or so.
• Mechanical television, despite its inferior image quality and generally smaller picture, would remain the primary television technology until the 1930s.
1.2 Electronic television
1927 Philo Farnsworth Patents “Dissector” Tube (related to cathode ray tube)
Vladimir Zworkin
. Russian immigrant in America could demonstrate a system with all the features of modern picture tubes by 1929
1.2 Electronic television
1936, the BBC began transmitting the world’s first public regular high-definition service. It therefore claims to be the birthplace of TV broadcasting as we know it today. It was a dual-system service, alternating between Marconi-EMI’s 405-line standard and Baird’s improved 240-line standard.
1936 The Berlin Summer Olympic Games were televised, using both all-electronic iconoscopebased cameras and intermediate film cameras
1939, the New York City NBC station of RCA broadcast twenty to fifty-eight hours of programming per month 1941 The FCC adopted NTSC television engineering standards on May 2, 1941, calling for 525 lines of vertical resolution, 30 frames per second with interlaced scanning, 60 fields per second, and sound carried by frequency modulation.
Color television
1.3 Color television World War II.
Most TV stations suspended broadcasting (BBC between 1939 and 1946) TV booms in the 1950s Commercial color television broadcasts began on CBS in 1951
The first Golden Age
of Television is the era of live television production in the United States, roughly from the late 1940s through the late 1950s.
The Network era
A Dramatic Leap In 1948, only 1 percent of American households had a TV set. By the early 1960s, more than 90 percent of all homes had a TV.
Network Era refers to the period in American television history from 1952 to the mid-1980s, when the television market was controlled by a few large television networks, ABC, CBS, and NBC.
Video tape format
1956 Quadraplex video tap was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format.It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex.
1956 This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was much more costly to utilize, could only be used once, images could be ruined by light leaks
1971 U-Matic was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. The videotape is 3⁄4 in. ENG could be possible with this format
The end of Network era Technological
Transformations 1. Satellites (1962) and cable 2. VCRs 3. FCC and Justice Dept: new rules
Cable and subscription
The development of cable television and satellite television in the 1970s allowed for more channels and encouraged companies to target programming toward specific audiences. It also enabled the rise of subscription television channels, such as Home Box Office (HBO) and Showtime in the U.S., and Sky Television in the U.K.
Europe and Spain
Following British model with BBC, Western European countries developed public broadcasting. On the other hand, private companies developed television in the USA.
Analog colour television encoding systems
In the 1950s, the Western European countries began plans to introduce colour television, and were faced with the problem that the NTSC standard demonstrated several weaknesses.To overcome NTSC’s shortcomings, alternative standards were devised, resulting in the development of the PAL and SECAM standards. The goal was to provide a colour TV standard for the European picture frequency of 50 fields per second (50 hertz), and finding a way to eliminate the problems with NTSC.
Analog colour television encoding systems
1956 SECAM. France 1963 PAL. Germany
Spain
Televisión Española was founded in 1956, during Franco’s dictatorship. It broadcasts two different TV-channels: TVE1 (a.k.a. La Primera or La uno), that is a wide-range audience general channel; and TVE2, (a.k.a. La dos), that tends to offer cultural programing, as well as sport competitions. For most of its history, RTVE was funded both from public sources and private advertising
From 80’s to 2020 80’s-90
Development of Digital Television technology (DTV) and DTT (Digital Terretstial Television) Digital television transition started in the late 2000s. All the governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by the 2010s
From 80’s to 2020
Internet and streaming television Streaming television is the digital distribution of television content, such as TV shows, as streaming media delivered over the Internet. Streaming TV stands in contrast to dedicated terrestrial television delivered by over-the-air aerial systems, cable television, and/or satellite television systems
From 80’s to 2020
The use of streaming online video and streaming television is concentrated on streaming video on demand platforms (Over the top media services) 2005 Youtube 2006 Amazon Video (2016 World Wide) 2007 Netflix 2009 Hulu 2020 HBO Max 2019 Disney + 2019 Apple TV +
LA TELEVISIÓN EN ESPAÑA
2.1. COMIENZO DE LA TV
▪ 28 de octubre de 1956: NO-DO (Madrid)
▪ Expansión por toda la península: Barcelona y Zaragoza (1959), Castilla León y Castilla la Mancha (1959), Valencia (1960), Galicia y Sevilla (1961), Canarias (1964).
▪ Escepticismo y desconfianza.
2.2. EXPANSIÓN DE LOS AÑOS 60
▪ Hasta 1959: la televisión es un lujo. Es para una minoría. Sólo 50.000 familias ▪ Principios de los 60: Políticas para incentivar el consumo: Alquiler y venta a plazos ▪ Al final de la década: 40% de los hogares con TV. ▪ Reunión frente a la TV y los teleclubs
2.3. LA EDAD DE ORO DE TVE
▪ Segunda mitad de los 70: La televisión es la principal forma de ocio. ▪ TVE: muchos ingresos: publicidad. ▪ Se inaugura Prado del Rey en 1964. ▪ Se crea TVE2: cultural ▪ Programas: Gran parada, Salto a la fama, Galas del Sábado, “Un, dos, tres..”, Novela, estudio 1, Festival de Eurovisión.
2.4. LA SEGUNDA CADENA
▪ 1965: comienzo de emisión de TVE2 ▪ Débil inicio y desconfianza ▪ 1967: tres horas diarias de emisión y cinco el fin de semana (música clásica y cine) ▪ Series documentales y pedagógicas ▪ Musical, arte y literatura ▪ La bola de cristal
2.5. LA TRANSICIÓN DEMOCRÁTICA
▪ (1976-1982) La televisión como elemento decisivo. 1. Cambiar la visión y valores de la “España profunda” 2. “fiesta de la democracia”. Seguimiento electoral y político. 3. Elaboración de política pedagógica con valores democrático a través de series: Verano azul, Curro Jiménez, etc.
2.6. LOS AÑOS 80
▪ 1979: Estatuto de la Radio y la Televisión. Consenso y normativa. ▪ “Servicio publico, titularidad del Estado”. ▪ 1982: Intención de ofrecer una nueva imagen: cambio de presentadores. ▪ Producción: Historia social, biografías, series de reflejo social y ficción ▪ Nacimiento de la TV contemporánea: horas de emisión y cifras de audiencia
2.7. LAS TELEVISIONES AUTONÓMICAS
▪ Necesidad de una cadena más cercana a los ciudadanos. ▪ 1983: Ley de los terceros canales de televisión ▪ FORTA: Tercera cadena nacional
2.8. LAS EMISORAS PRIVADAS
▪ Programación generalista: Antena 3 (1989) y Tele5 (1990), Canal+ (1990). ▪ Nuevas reglas, marco muy competitivo: datos de audiencia ▪ Antena 3: producción propia de ficción de telecomedias
2.9. LA ÚLTIMA DÉCADA
▪ Cambio drástico: ▪ De servicio público a conseguir mayor audiencia ▪ De largometrajes estadounidenses a programas deportivos y de producción propia
2.9. LA ÚLTIMA DÉCADA
▪ 1995 . Se aprueba la Ley de telecomunicaciones por cable ▪ 2003. Nace la plataforma de televisión vía satélite Digital+, resultado de la fusión de Canal Satélite, propiedad de Sogecable, y Vía Digital, participada por Teléfonica. ▪ 2005 . El Gobierno autoriza a Canal + la emisión en abierto, dando lugar al canal Cuatro.
2.9. LA ÚLTIMA DÉCADA
▪ También autoriza la puesta en marcha de La Sexta.
▪ 2010. Apagón analógico, que digitalizaba el proceso de transmisión de televisión por ondas hertzianas.
2.9. LA ÚLTIMA DÉCADA
▪ 2010. RTVE abandona el camino de la doble financiación y deja de emitir publicidad. ▪ 2012 . Antena 3 y La Sexta se fusionan, y con ellas todos los canales de ambas compañías generando un conglomerado mediático de nombre Atresmedia.
2.9. LA ÚLTIMA DÉCADA
▪ 2016. Les Corts Valencianes aprueban la Ley de creación de la Corporación Valenciana de Medios Audiovisuales, primer paso para la apertura de una nueva cadena de televisión autonómica. ▪ 2018 . Inicia sus emisiones À Punt, nuevo canal autonómico de televisión de la Comunidad Valenciana
Television companies
1. Ownership level
1. Public broadcasting 2. Commercial broadcasting (private) 3. Mixed broadcasting forms
1. Ownership level 1. Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. In many countries of the world, funding comes from governments, especially via annual fees charged on receivers. Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally see operated
1. Ownership level
1. Public broadcasting.
Historically, public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries (with the notable exceptions of the United States, Mexico and Brazil). Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century.
1. Ownership level
1. Public broadcasting
. The British model has been widely accepted as a universal definition The model embodies the following principles: Universal geographic accessibility Universal appeal Attention to minorities Contribution to national identity and sense of community Distance from vested interests Direct funding and universality of payment Competition in good programming rather than numbers Guidelines that liberate rather than restrict
1. Ownership level
12. Commercial broadcasting (private)
is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship. It was the United States′ first model of radio (and later television) during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model in Europe during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States and Brazil, until the 1980s.
l 2. Commercial broadcasting (private)
Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show.
1. Ownership level 2.
Commercial broadcasting (private)
Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show.
3. Mixed broadcasting forms -Public company with advertisements ( à Punt, TVE) and governments fundings -Public company with a private management ( Aragon o Murcia TV)
2. Broadcast area
1. Worldwide or International (Eurosport , Euronews, MTV, Discovery)
2. Nationwide or Country. Terrestrial television
3. Regional (autonomías). 1983
4. Local. 2004 Ley de Televisión digital Terrestre: los gobiernos autonómicos adjudican los canales de televisión comarcal/local.
2. Broadcast area
Local.. En la Comunidad Valenciana, el 31 de diciembre de 2005 se hizo pública la adjudicación de canales (anulada en el 2012 por el TS)
4. Availability
1. Free to air: services broadcast in clear (unencrypted) form, allowing any person with the appropriate receiving equipment to receive the signal and view or listen to the content without requiring a subscription, other ongoing cost, or one-off fee
2. Free to view: free-of-charge without any form of continual subscription but are nevertheless encrypted (BBC)
3. Pay television, also known as subscription television, premium television or, when referring to an individual service, a premium channel refers to subscription-based television services Pay-per-view (PPV) services are similar to subscription-based pay television services in that customers must pay to have the broadcast decrypted for viewing, but usually only entail a one-time payment for a single or time-limited viewing. Programs offered via pay-per-view are most often movies or sporting events
5. TV Companies – TV Network (Cadena de televisión) – NBC, ABC, CBS, FOX, PBS, BBC, ITV – RTVE, Mediaset, Atresmedia, FORTA, – TV Channel: technical concept related to broadcast frequencies – TV Station: the infrastructure and issues relating to transmission – Telecommunications service provider (Movistar, Vodafone, Jazztel)
Television crew
TV STUDIO CONTROL ROOM+SET
WORK TEAM LOCATION AT CONTROL ROOM
Videowall operator Graphics CG operator Video switcher Live director Live director assistant Playout operator Audio Communications Audio mixer operator Editor Live director assistant Computer support Producer Electronic support Light operator Remote Cameras Operator
Television crew: operating team
Technical Department Engineering Operating team Equipment operator Audio mixer operator Lighting team/ Gaffer Grip
Television crew
Equipment operator
Graphics CG (Computer Generated) operator Videowall operator Mixer/ switcher Playout (Videoservers) CCU
● Switcher: muchas pantallas illo
Playout/ video servers: quitar poner videos
Playout/ video servers: las dos pantallitas pequeñas
CCU operator: la cosa que es un mando
Ligthing team: illo las putas luces
● Audio mixer operator: acho el sonido pero gigante
● Audio operator (communications): illo lo del numero 1 pantalla izquierda
Live director: illo el luis enrique
Live director assistant: illo el luis enrique pero el ayudante de padrique
Remote Cameras Control operator: la camara que va sola mas grande que tu cabeza
Editor (= program director): xD
Television formats and genres
Classical genres
1. News programming 2. Fiction/Drama 3. Reality television 4. Advertising 5. Entertainment 6. Educational
What is a TV Genre? A TV genre is a style that has its own idiomatic types of storytelling, characterizations, dialogue, humor, and visual flair. Some TV series and shows conform rigidly to certain TV genres. Other shows bounce between genres and subgenres. There is no definitive list of every genre that has ever existed on television.
Formats/ Types of TV shows
• Format: It is the overall concept and branding of a copyrighted television show. The most common type of formats are those in the television genres of game shows and reality shows, many of which are remade in multiple markets with local contestants.
• Type: refers to the general shape of the show, rather than the show’s genre.
1. News programming
1.1 Journalism : News story, Editorial, Report
1.2 Daily Newscast: Bulletins or news programme Classical structure: openning sequence, anchor’s intro, headliners, themes, etc. CBS Evening News (1948)
1.3 News magazine: reports. CBS 60 minutsNews magazine: reports. CBS 60 minuts (1968), Informe semanal (1973), Cómo se hace un Infome semanal
1.4 Documentary: CBS See it now Documentary: CBS See it now (1951), Documentos TV Documentary: CBS See it now (1951), Documentos TV, CBS Reports Documentary: CBS
1. News programming
1.5 Interviews: Person to person Interviews: Person to person, The Charlie Rose Show, Later, On the Record with Bob Costas 1.6 Debate. Current events debate: CNN CrossfireDebate. Current events debate: CNN Crossfire; Topic debate, BBC Question time, La clave RTVE. 1.7 Infotainment: television programming that presents information (as news) in a manner intended to be entertaining.
1. News programming 1.7 Infotainment. • Breakfast television or morning show: NBC Today (1953); ABC Good morning America (1975).
Types of TV shows 2. Fiction/Drama 2.1 Sitcom 2.2 Soap opera 2.3 Telenovela 2.4 Anthology series 2.5 Serie 2.6 Miniserie 2.7 TV movie
2.1 Sitcom: Clipping for situational comedy (situation comedy in the U.S.), is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who mostly carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy, where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and stand-up comedy, where a comedian tells jokes and stories to an audience.
2.2 Soap opera: A crucial element that defines the soap opera is the open-ended serial nature of the narrative, with stories spanning several episodes.
2.3 Telenovela: A telenovela is a type of a television serial drama or soap opera produced primarily in Latin America.
2.4 Anthology series: An anthology series is a radio, television, or film series that spans through different genres, and presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode, season, segment or short
2.5 Serie: In North American television, a series is a connected set of television program episodes that run under the same title, possibly spanning many seasons.
First golden age of television (1947-1957) Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Twilight Zone,
2.6 Miniserie: Historical and Classical novels adaptations • Rich Man, Poor Man (1976)
3. Reality television It is a genre of television programming that documents purportedly unscripted real-life situations, often starring unknown people rather than professional actors.
3. Reality television 3.1 Documentary-style 3.1.1 Soap-opera style 3.1.2 Subcultures 3.1.3 Professional activities 3.1.4 Financial transactions and appraisals.
4 Advertising A television advertisement (also called a television commercial, commercial, advert, TV advert or simply an ad) is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization.
5 Entertainment • Magazines (morning, news, Late show) • Late night (talk show)
5 Educational It is the use of television programs in the field of distance education. It may be in the form of individual television programs or dedicated specialty channels that is often associated with cable television in the United States as Public, educational, and government access (PEG) channel providers.
3. Broadcast programming
Broadcast programming is the practice of organizing and ordering (scheduling) the broadcast media shows (radio and television) in a daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly or season-long schedule.
Contents and programming manager”
3.2.1 Legislation
● Ley 7/2010 General de la Comunicación Audiovisual (repealed)
● Ley 13/2022, de 7 de julio, General de Comunicación Audiovisual. ○ Basis of this law: first articles. – Pluralism. – Human dignity. – Veracity. – People with disabilities. – Intellectual property. – Self-regulation.
3.2.1 Legislation
● Ley 13/2022, de 7 de julio, General de Comunicación Audiovisual. ○ Child protection in audiovisual legislation
Artículo 126. Anuncio publicitario audiovisual. ● Artículo 127. Autopromoción. ● Artículo 128. Patrocinio. ● Artículo 129. Emplazamiento de producto. ● Artículo 130. Telepromoción.
Advertising regulation Quantitative limit to the emission of audiovisual commercial communications.
“Counterprogramming”? ■ Offering something of completely different appeal that other shows
According to the law approved, the TV channels will no longer have the obligation to inform 3 days in advance of the programs they are going to broadcast.
● Stations demand the best shows be run during certain times of the year.
– Peak season: Winter – Medium season: Spring – Flat season: Summer
○ Dayparting: It is the practice of dividing the broadcast day into several parts, in which a different type of TV show is appropriate for that time period
What / When is Primetime? ● Primetime is when networks schedule their “heavy hitters” ● These shows are the ones that networks are most invested in – they are the most expensive and therefore most popular shows.
What are Prime Time Ratings about?
■ Prime Time ratings are based / dependent on TWO FACTORS: – Network Image – Viability (Feasibility, Economical)
■ Example of low Prime Time Ratings: – Cost approx. $50,000 – per 30 sec. spot (advertising) – Networks like WB, TBS
■ Example of High Prime Time Ratings: – Cost approx. $600,000 per 30 sec. spot (advertising) – Networks like NBC, ABC, CBS, FOX
Audience measurement
– Sampling to obtain estimated audience sizes in which advertisers determine the value of such acquisitions.
During the 1960s and 1970s, Nielsen introduced the Storage Instantaneous Audimeter, a device that daily sent viewing information to the company’s computers using phone lines and made national daily ratings available by 1973.
Audience measurement
– In the mid-2000s Nielsen implemented its automated Local People Meter (LPM) technology
Audience measurement – Spain: Kantar Media (Before Sofres Audiencia de Medios). 5,700 homes throughout Spain have audiometers, about 14,000 people (June 2022)
3.3 Scheduling Strategies
Audience Flow ■ Network strategies are directed at capturing and holding the largest adult audience.
Program costs ■ Escalated wildly in the 90’s and 2000’s ■ Crime dramas – most expensive $$
STUNTING It consists of frequently moving or changing spaces to destabilize the competition (abruptly and often without advance announcement, last minute).
STRIPPING It is the practice of running a single series in a consistent, daily time slot throughout the week, usually on weekdays.
– CHECKERBOARDING: It is the same target at the same daily time slot (strip of series).
BLOCKING: It is scheduling a group of complementary programs together.
DUPLEX (BACK TO BACK): It is scheduling a group of complementary programs together
– Lead off: ■ Beginning the evening with an especially strong program. ■ Networks routinely move popular, established shows to the 8pm slot.
– Lead in: ■ Places a strong show ahead of a weaker (or new) show to give it a jump start.
– HAMMOCKING (sandwich): It is placing an unpopular show is scheduled between two popular shows in the hope that audience flow will carry viewers into the less popular program: uno buenp,malo,bueno
TENT POLING: The programmers bank on a well-known series having so much audience appeal that they can place two unknown series on either side, and it is the strength of the central show that will draw viewers to the two other shows.
Bridging: It is the practice of discouraging the audience from changing channels during the “junctions” between specific programs
BLUNTING – Match the competition by scheduling a show with identical appeal
– SEAMLESSNESS – Running the end of one program right up against the start of the next show. – GOAL – Keep viewers watching.
Special (Christmas, Election, …) ● Long form ● Clipping (editing, credits for example) ● Blockbuster ● Loss leader
Crossprogramming ■ This stragegy involves the interconnection of two different shows: csi
3.3.3 Character’s Strategies Spin-off Crossover Change network
3.3.4 Advertising Strategies
● Set ads before competitor ● Set ads at the same time ● Set ads after competitor
Network BOTTOM LINE ● Play it safe ● Take few risks ● Resist “trailblazing”