The Reformation: Key Figures and Events
Martin Luther
- Augustinian Monastery in Erfurt
- Doctorate of Theology in Wittenberg
- German Bible translation at Wartburg
Indulgences
Removes temporal punishment.
Johann Tetzel
Dominican who sold indulgences.
Sola Fide, Sola Scriptura
Diet of Worms – 1521
Charles V: Luther, recant 95 Theses.
Peasants’ Revolt – 1524
Germans rise up against landowners.
Augsburg Confession – 1530
Philip Melanchthon
Peace of Augsburg – 1555
Cuius Regio Eius Religio
South – Catholic, North – Protestant
John Calvin
Geneva – Theocracy City, 1534. Wrote:
“Institutes of the Christian Religion”
Calvinists:
- France: Huguenots
- Scotland: Presbyterians
- England: Puritans
Ulrich Zwingli
Zurich – Swiss Reformation
Henry VIII
Defender of the Faith
Wrote the “Six Articles of Religion”
T. Wolsey
First Cardinal, dismissed by Henry for not helping with the divorce from Catherine of Aragon.
T. More
Second Cardinal, dismissed for the same reason. Cardinal John Fisher also agreed.
T. Cromwell
Third Cardinal, Henry has his way, breaks from the church.
T. Cranmer
Archbishop of Canterbury, first after the Act of Supremacy – 1534
Act of Succession – 1537
“Book of Common Prayer”
“42 Articles of Religion”
Richard Rich
Lord Chancellor
“Man For All Seasons”
Elizabeth I
Anglican Church
Calverts
Founded Maryland
Diet of Speyer
Denounced Reformation
Newly Formed Religious Orders
- Jesuits – Ignatius (founder), F. Xavier, Peter Canisius (Poland), Paul III (approved)
- Carmelites – Discalced, Teresa of Avila (Interior Castle), John of the Cross
- Capuchins – Offshoot of Franciscans
- Ursulines – Angela Merici, teaching girls
- Christian Brothers – John Baptiste de la Salle, helped the poor
- Theatines – Priest reformers dedicated to the cross (Carafa)
- Passionists – Paul of the Cross
- Oratorians – Philip Neri, preachers
Tomas de Torquemada
Spanish Inquisition
Pope Sixtus VI
Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros
Archbishop of Toledo
Founded University of Alcala
Montserrat
St. Ignatius’ retreat in New Spain
Manresa
“Ejercisios Spirituales” written
Doctrinal
- Papal Supremacy Reaffirmed
- Transubstantiation Reaffirmed
- Both faith and good works bring saving
- Salvation is God’s free gift to mankind
- Mass is a sacrifice, Purgatory exists
- 7 Sacraments, Penance forgives sins
Discipline
- Clerical Abuses – Celibacy
- Bishops have to live in own diocese
- Priestly training top priority
- Index of forbidden books, Spanish Inquisition
Post Trent
- 1564 Index established (Congregation of the Holy Office)
- 1566 Roman Catechism by Charles Borromeo
- 1570 Roman Missal (Pius V)
- 1571 Battle of Lepanto (Pius V)
- 1572 Gregorian University by Gregory XIII
- 1582 Gregorian Calendar
- 1585 Organization of Congregations
Congregation of the Holy Office & Propaganda Fide
Roman Ritual
Paul V on Sacraments
Bernini
Baroque Architect
Palestrina
Baroque Artist
St. Francis De Sales
Bishop of Geneva, Switzerland; Converted Calvinists
“Introduction to the Devout Life,” “On the Love of God”
St. Jane Frances de Chantal
Order of Visitation
Thirty Years’ War
Peace of Westphalia
Gunpowder Plot
Attempt to blow up Parliament and the King
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Cromwell
Lord Protector of England
Charles I and II – Catholic Wannabes
James II’s marriage to Mary, marries William of Orange
Martin De Porres
Columba, West Indies
Ministered to slaves, wonder worker of Peru
Francis Xavier
China, India, Japan Missions, Inculturation
Matteo Ricci
China, Renaissance man, brought Western inventions
Robert De Nobili
India and Ceylon, Inculturation
Alexander Rhodes
Indochina, Vietnam