The Revolutionary Democratic Sexenio 1868-74
THEME 3: THE REVOLUTIONARY DEMOCRATIC Sexenio 1868-74
This created the first attempt to establish in Spain a democracy based on universal male suffrage, to integrate the masses and the new National State. The experiment failed. For decades, politicians debated how to incorporate the policy to all social classes.
3.1 THE REVOLUTION AND THE SEARCH OF KING 1868-70
The origin of this administration is the Revolution day of September 1868 (the Glorious). It began with a military coup in Cadiz led by Generals Prim and Serrano, leaders of the progressives and unionists, joined Topete. The manifesto proposed a provisional government and universal suffrage. The insurrection spread and gained popular support. Queen’s troops were defeated in alcol by Serrano. Isabella II fled to France.
1. PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT: After the triumph of the revolution, formed a provisional government headed by Serrano and composed of progressives and unionists. The Democrats had a great influence on revolutionary juntas from which demanded democratic rights.
The dual power (provisional government and seals) was resolved in favor of the provisional gov q broke the seals. In return, he proceeded to fulfill the Democratic platform with the exception of the fifth. This caused the breakdown of the Democratic party in two. X one hand, q staban willing to cooperate with the government (Cimbri) x else believed the indispensable q Putting in a federal republic (Pi y Maragall)
2. The Constituent: The government called for elections to the Constituent Cortes in January 1869. Q Political forces seized the Cortes were:
· The Carlist: the extreme right of assembly, q accepted the parliamentary game temporarily. and soon to revive the war.
· Moderates (alfonsinos) supported the return of the Bourbons and the constitution of 1845. They demanded the restoration of monarchy embodied by Alfonso son of Elizabeth II. Their leader was Antonio Cánovas.
· Advocates supporting the government, Unionists (serrano) and progressive (prim) advocated a democratic monarchy. They won a majority in the elections but after adopting the constitution eventually separated.
· The Federal Republican Party. He was on the left. His program, in addition to the republic, including the abolition of slavery and social legislation to protect workers. Great support of Aragon, Catalonia, Andalucia and Valencia.
3. THE CONSTITUTION OF 1869:
national sovereignty is proclaimed, the division of powers
(legislative-cuts) (executive gov-king) (court-court), a parliamentary system, elected by universal male suffrage, and contained a declaration of individual rights (assembly and association, the inviolability of the home and correspondence)
4. THE REGENCY OF GENERAL SERRANO: adopted the Constitution was made regent General Serrano. The new regime faced a series of problems.
· The popular uprisings and Republican: muxos workers identify the term republic with land redistribution and social justice. Soon riots broke out. These conflicts were added to food riots, those promoted against conscription and industrial strikes.
· The problems of finance: Figuerola established the single currency peseta as 1868, lower tariffs and start selling mine. Does not address any tax reform.
· Searching for a king or Espartero montpensier thought, but was chosen amadaa of Savoy. Its main backer (prim) was assassinated in Madrid.
· The war in Cuba, has ended by the Peace of The Zanjón 1878. Did increase the debt and the weakness of governments in this era against the army.
3.2 THE MONARCHY of Amadeo I
It lasted from January 1871 to February 1873. He had few political and social support.
Opposition Amadeo: O.social: only the non-Catholic party supported the middle class. O.politica: Carlists declare war. After the death of Prim government coalition began to disintegrate, causing great instability. Rivalry within the Progressive Party became incarnate in Sagasta (q form the Constitutionalist Party) and Ruiz Zorrilla (Radical Party)
Amadeo I failed to establish a shift between the supporters to provide stability. He joined the fear of social revolution. Proof of this was the debate in the courts on the banning of the AIT. He developed another debate on the abolition of slavery in Cuba and Puerto Rico, but only managed to reduce the number of slaves. The establishment of the republic became an agreed solution between the radical republicans Ruiz Zorrilla and ls
3.3 THE FIRST REPUBLIC
It lasted 11 months (1873-74), was proclaimed by the congress and the senate. It was an unstable regime. The government headed by Figueras, but most radical. The Republicans wanted to hold elections to gather a Cprtes Constituents. Elections in May were: the ruling party won 90% d votes. The new government led by Pi y Maragall, beginning the process of drafting a constitution, constitutional project 1873:
-PRINCIPLES: established a rep. Federal, popular sovereignty and the separation between church and state (secularism)
-the courts and the head of state: the Senate was established as a chamber of territorial representation of the 17 federal states (including Cuba and Puerto Rico)
-content social social legislation and protection of workers
Cantonalism: diehard Republicans promoted a spontaneous movement from the summer of 1873 was the establishment q directly from the federal structure of the state (cantonal). To suppress the republic took a turn to the right leaning on the military. At this stage the prime ministers were Salmeron and Castelar.
Republicans forced to resign but Castelar Pavia with the Civil Guard disbanded.
Authoritarian REPUBLIC (JAN – DEC 1874): was the transition period between the republic and the restoration of the Bourbons. He was in the hands of Serrano. The war in Cuba and the Third Carlist War continued. Finally another ruling, the de Sagunto, by General Martínez Campos (29 Dec 1874) with just six years and ordered the restoration of the monarchy (in Alfonso)
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF SIX-YEAR PERIOD:
25. economic backwardness and the failure of industrialization and the international economic crisis
26. the weakness of the bourgeoisie and urban middle classes
27. with illiteracy rates of over 70% q vdd prevented form a public opinion
28.the great divide of the political groups in minority factions
in the context of the time, the experience of six years was very radical, and it was very difficult q triumph in Spain late.
THEME 3: THE REVOLUTIONARY DEMOCRATIC Sexenio 1868-74
This created the first attempt to establish in Spain a democracy based on universal male suffrage, to integrate the masses and the new National State. The experiment failed. For decades, politicians debated how to incorporate the policy to all social classes.
3.1 THE REVOLUTION AND THE SEARCH OF KING 1868-70
The origin of this administration is the Revolution day of September 1868 (the Glorious). It began with a military coup in Cadiz led by Generals Prim and Serrano, leaders of the progressives and unionists, joined Topete. The manifesto proposed a provisional government and universal suffrage. The insurrection spread and gained popular support. Queen’s troops were defeated in alcol by Serrano. Isabella II fled to France.
1. PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT: After the triumph of the revolution, formed a provisional government headed by Serrano and composed of progressives and unionists. The Democrats had a great influence on revolutionary juntas from which demanded democratic rights.
The dual power (provisional government and seals) was resolved in favor of the provisional gov q broke the seals. In return, he proceeded to fulfill the Democratic platform with the exception of the fifth. This caused the breakdown of the Democratic party in two. X one hand, q staban willing to cooperate with the government (Cimbri) x else believed the indispensable q Putting in a federal republic (Pi y Maragall)
2. The Constituent: The government called for elections to the Constituent Cortes in January 1869. Q Political forces seized the Cortes were:
· The Carlist: the extreme right of assembly, q accepted the parliamentary game temporarily. and soon to revive the war.
· Moderates (alfonsinos) supported the return of the Bourbons and the constitution of 1845. They demanded the restoration of monarchy embodied by Alfonso son of Elizabeth II. Their leader was Antonio Cánovas.
· Advocates supporting the government, Unionists (serrano) and progressive (prim) advocated a democratic monarchy. They won a majority in the elections but after adopting the constitution eventually separated.
· The Federal Republican Party. He was on the left. His program, in addition to the republic, including the abolition of slavery and social legislation to protect workers. Great support of Aragon, Catalonia, Andalucia and Valencia.
3. THE CONSTITUTION OF 1869: national sovereignty is proclaimed, the division of powers
(legislative-cuts) (executive gov-king) (court-court), a parliamentary system, elected by universal male suffrage, and contained a declaration of individual rights (assembly and association, the inviolability of the home and correspondence)
4. THE REGENCY OF GENERAL SERRANO: adopted the Constitution was made regent General Serrano. The new regime faced a series of problems.
· The popular uprisings and Republican: muxos workers identify the term republic with land redistribution and social justice. Soon riots broke out. These conflicts were added to food riots, those promoted against conscription and industrial strikes.
· The problems of finance: Figuerola established the single currency peseta as 1868, lower tariffs and start selling mine. Does not address any tax reform.