The Text and Its Properties
The text is the maximum linguistic unit. It is the communication unit characterized by its intentionality.
Characteristics or Properties of the Text
Adequacy, coherence, and cohesion.
Consistency
Is the property securing the unity of the text from the point of view of their content. For this to be met, at least 2 requirements are needed:
- Relation: The statement must share some elements of its content with some statements of the text.
- No Contradiction: The content of the statement should not contradict other statements regarding the text.
Mechanisms of Cohesion
Cohesion is a property of linguistic texts that facilitates comprehension through semantic relationships that establish comprehension. It is done using cohesion mechanisms (recurrences, proformas, and substitution by the use of textual or discourse markers).
Attributive Sentences
Also known as copulative sentences. They have a predicate, and these are the characteristics of such sentences:
- Both the verb and the attribute are mandatory.
- The copula lacks lexical content. It is designed to establish the syntactic relation between the attribute and the subject. The copulative phrase and the attribute are syntactically a verb and a nominal, respectively. The copulative verb works as a default.
Predicative Sentences
Those that have a verbal predicate. They have this feature: it is characterized by lexical content because sometimes it is the only item in the predicate. The predicative verbs form the predicate verb phrase.
Linguistic Variation Factors
The factors causing the diversification of a language within a community are very diverse and do not always influence the same way in some cultures and others. Among the factors leading to social changes are physical factors (sex, age), factors related to place of origin, socio-professional activity, and social group. A speaker might take a variety of language very different from yours when you feel the desire or the need to identify with a person or persons that belong to another social group.
Constituents of the Noun Phrase
The noun phrase is the core name in that name. The core of the phrase constituents does not affect the binding: the determinants that play a specifier and complements the name. The determinants are constituents that have no lexical meaning but have grammatical value. This is to specify the meaning of the core and whether it is something known or not. The name complements with lexical meanings are constituents that modify or explain or alter the conceptual meaning referred to the kernel. With this function, names can be syntagms, prepositional phrases, noun phrases, adjectives, and relative clauses.
Classes of Registers
The care that a speaker puts in communication is reflected in the registers of those who are served, among which there are different grades. The different degrees of formality express concern for the way the sender of the message drops down. When talking about registers, we talk of formal and informal. The greater or lesser degree in planning as the speech, whether or not the result of a previous plan, leads to talk of planned and unplanned or spontaneous registers. Between one end and the other, users use the middle register. We use it in communicative situations usually distinct, for example, when talking with friends or at a trial will be different. There are various types of registers: intimate register, friendly spontaneous and informal register, neutral register, high register, ritual register, formal planned.
Lazarillo de Tormes
The Guide
This is a short book. It is with this work when you boot the modern novel, understood as a plausible story with a realistic tone in which the protagonist’s character is a product of the surrounding world.
Subject
This book is written by the protagonist in autobiographical form as a letter responding to an unknown, which he refers to as “your worship”. The fictional autobiography told in his childhood, the most extensive part of Lazarillo de Tormes, continues until the time of writing the text. The protagonist attempts to clarify the situation, complicated by rumors about his wife, who is accused of being free with an archpriest.
Realistic Fiction
A regular reader of the time who started reading in the preface would think the “I” is the author of the work, but eventually, I found out that Lazaro is writing a letter to the unknown “Your Grace.” The author wanted to bring the narrative fiction to the limit of plausibility, which has disappeared without signing the work. Lazaro is writing his own life and does so in a humble style. Only at the end will we know his job, which is to be a town crier of Toledo. Lazaro is an outsider who has to live alone in a harsh and cruel society. For the first time, the educational process in a fictional narrative defines the character of manhood.
Structure
The novel is divided into 7 chapters and a prologue. The first 3 chapters are composed along the lines of folk tales. The issue of hunger is developed in a piecemeal fashion based on a traditional scheme in chapter 3. From chapter 4, the author uses the narrative of narrative writing in which the order of the episodes does not matter.
Classification of Texts
1) According to Intent
The purpose or communicative intention allows us to recognize different kinds of texts.
- Informational: News. The receiver transmits information and learns.
- Persuasive: Has the purpose of changing the ideas, opinions, or values of the receiver.
- Managerial: They seek to regulate the behavior of receivers.
- Literary: Pursuing an aesthetic effect.
- Ludic: Entertainment aim.
2) According to the Means of Transmission
: The natural transmission of human language is emitted through the mouth, which we call oral language, and is received through the communication channel allows oido.Este without verse.Ademas humans to create other means (artificial canals) as i write something more recent as the media of the masses (internet , cinema …)Dl speech genres and spheres: the conventional genres of texts are classes whose rules of production and interpretation are part of the competence of hablantes.Ambitos of discourse: academic, legal, political, media, literature, daily life, leisure entertainment i . Classes purposes: 1) related to the purpose of the speaker-> declaration or statement: Characteristics of informational statements. interrogative: appears when the speaker asks to get an answer. imperative: the issuer intends to influence the behavior of the recipient. Da orders i prohibitions.exclamatory: for the expressive function of language. or wishful optional: the speaker wants something. doubting the content of the statement appears doubtful. OBLIGATION: content as necessary to be met. possibility or probability: it affects the certainty of the statement . Quevedo was born in madrid i die in villanueva de los infantes.participo several political intrigue that’s why i was 2 times in the poems carcel.Escribia i narrativa.en the two areas are distinguished lenguaje.su his mastery of work is classified according a criistry tematico.1) metaphysical poems: type of compositions in which meditates on human existence, brevity and transience of life, acceptance of the death.2 i) moral poems: the poet relexiona on virtues, vices, wealth, power. .. 3) Poem.religioso s: A group of poems dedicated to the ancient passages or characters new testamento.4 i) p. of circumstances: i stand funeral eulogies poems dedicated to characters from the past i presente.5) p.amorosos 6) p.satiricos: Quevedo you Gustava muxo satire, which showed the defects of society.