Tradition and Avant-Garde in Miguel Hernández’s Poetry
Early Influences and Traditional Roots
Miguel Hernández’s poetry was deeply influenced by both tradition and the avant-garde. His early work reveals a strong connection to classic Spanish literature, particularly the Golden Age poets and playwrights like Calderón de la Barca. This influence is evident in his exploration of religious themes and the revival of the auto sacramental genre in his play Who Has Seen You and Who You See and Shadow of What You Were.
He also drew inspiration from mystical poets such as Juan de la Cruz and Fray Luis de León, as well as the metaphorical complexity of Juan de Herrera. The presence of mythological beings in his youthful poems reflects a sensual and erotic sensibility, echoing the work of modern writers who questioned traditional religious beliefs, like Unamuno.
Modernist and Avant-Garde Explorations
Hernández’s engagement with modernism is evident in his admiration for writers like Rubén Darío and Vicente Aleixandre. His contact with the avant-garde, though slight, is marked by an affinity for the purism of Juan Ramón Jiménez. This influence can be seen in his exploration of pure poetry, where he sought to create surprising and emotional effects through unusual imagery and irrationality.
The influence of surrealism is also apparent, particularly in his later work. He experimented with free association and dreamlike imagery, creating fantastical scenes reminiscent of the surrealist aesthetic. However, his surrealism was not purely imitative; it was infused with his own unique voice and thematic concerns.
Social and Political Commitment
Hernández’s poetry is also marked by a strong social and political commitment. His early religious fervor gradually gave way to a growing concern for the plight of the working class and the social injustices of his time. This shift is reflected in his embrace of a more direct and accessible poetic language, as seen in the collection Sonreidme, which incorporates elements of the popular romance form.
The Spanish Civil War had a profound impact on his work. His poetry became a vehicle for expressing solidarity with the Republican cause and the struggles of the common people. The collection Wind of the People exemplifies this commitment, with its themes of fraternity, liberty, and hope.
The Duality of Tradition and Innovation
Throughout his career, Hernández navigated a complex relationship between tradition and innovation. While embracing avant-garde techniques, he never fully abandoned his roots in traditional Spanish poetry. This duality is evident in his ability to pay homage to classical poets like Garcilaso while simultaneously experimenting with surrealist imagery. His work represents a unique fusion of tradition and modernity, reflecting the dynamic literary landscape of his time.