Transitive Reasoning: Principles, Models, and Decision-Making Theories
The Three Principles of the Linguistic Model Explaining Transitive Reasoning
- Principle of Functional Relationships: Relationships such as subject, predicate, verb, and direct object are stored and retrieved with priority to other marking information.
- Principle of Lexicon: Some bipolar adjectives are asymmetrical, so that some adjectives are neutral with respect to the magnitude of the scale, while others assume one end of the congruence scale.
- Principle of Congruence: Information retrieval is easier if the representation of functional relationships is congruent with the question.
Describe the 2 Principles that Explain the Mental Image Processing in Transitive Reasoning
- Statement of Directional Preference: Individuals prefer to perform space building in certain directions, for example, in the West, working from left to right, bottom to top, and anchoring the ends.
- Principle of Ends: Space building is easier when first enunciated one of the two ends of the spatial axis, so the premises will be easiest to hose who come from one of the terms of the series ends at the end medio.asi premise A is better than B is more facial that B is worse than A.
Sternberg Joint Method for Transitive Reasoning
The Sternberg Joint Method is a conciliatory model. The process of linguistic information contained in the premises precedes the spatial representation, and both are available during the execution of search and retrieval processes of information. When it comes to explaining the difficulty level of problems, the model integrates aspects related to linguistics. Adjectives are marked in the encoding stage, and the construction of the spatial arrangement in which the terms are ordered in the non-preferred direction model image. When the second premise is negative, equality suggests a search on the process average, from the location of the average unitary representation is constructed by first placing the first premise and then the second. If the answer is in the first premise, a tour along the spatial series would imply a higher solution time. If the second reading is immediate, rewards suggest a search on the process average.
Because the Theory of Mental Models Used 5-Series Problems Terms for Transitive Reasoning
The study of the difficulty of problems may arise in the number of mental models in the 3-series problems and the validity terms number of mental models are mixed because the problems that give rise to a mental model are also those who reach a valid conclusion, while there is no valid conclusion on the problems that give rise to more than one model series mental. En 5 terms with this issue since it can generate transitive syllogisms with more of a mental model and a valid conclusion.
Main Criticisms of the Transitive Chain Model of Categorical Syllogism
- One of the major criticisms is that it assumes no errors in the first stage of the interpretation of the premises when there are experimental data show quite the contrary.
- It also does not consider the effects of the figure and atmosphere, which are used to effect a response bias without psychological explanation.
- Models based on Euler circles predict that the difficulty of syllogisms is based on the number of diagrams needed for the interpretation and combination of premises. Paradoxically, experimental data show that some of the syllogisms that subjects resolve without difficulty require a greater number of diagrams that other syllogisms are harder for the subject despite requiring a smaller number of diagrams.
Aversion and Risk Preference in Decision Making
The preference for risk is seen only when the gains are not significant for the subject. However, as the gain increases, the general trend is to prefer the more certain possibility, what some authors call risk aversion. There exists a point where the person stops selecting the alternative with the riskier alternative, relegating the more certain one. The point at which the strategy changes depends more specifically on each individual’s purchasing power or the importance attached to money.
Model Tversky Elimination of Aspects in Decision Making
A formal and probabilistic version of the rules that are used to discover what options and basic rules used by subjects to simplify the alternatives and choose between several of them. This model contemplates each alternative as a set of attributes that can be measured by describing the election as a process of successive elimination of alternatives according to your values on those attributes.
Theory Perspective to Decision Making
Proposal by Kahneman and Tversky in the process differ two phases:
- The preliminary review of the alternatives offered, which would give rise to a simple representation of these alternatives. Some of the operations that transform the outcomes and probabilities associated are:
- Encoding in terms of gains and losses would be influenced by the formulation of the problem and the expectations of people.
- The combination of the probabilities associated with identical results.
- The segregation of certain aspects and to keep the risk.
- The cancellation of the components shared by all the alternatives.
- The simplification or elimination of alternatives rounding unlikely.
- The assessment that would lead to the choice of the alternative with a higher value, would be a function of probability in the final value and the subjective value of the result. A main feature of this theory is that estimates the value of an alternative are changes in wealth or welfare states rather than the end of it.
Portfolio Theory in Decision Making
Preferences between alternatives are a function of two variables: the expected value and the perceived risk, so that when two to alternative presents the same expected value, the choice will be the sole basis of any embargo risk. However, the validation of the theory remains to be the accepted definitions of risk, carrying out subjective assumptions about the definition of risk in order to compare the risk contemplated in the theory. Game theory can explain why people do not satisfy the axiom 5 expected utility theory, since you can choose a bid that includes the two results if the wager is less risk that each of the results.
Theory of Subjective Expected Utility Decision Making
Proposed by Savage in 1954, it generalizes the theory of Utility to allow the inclusion of subjective probabilities based on beliefs or opinions regarding the likelihood of events. It also introduces a key principle, the sure-thing principle, which will be crucial for the whole theory. This principle states that if two alternatives share a certain result, the preference will be established each independent common value of this result. That is, the sure result would drop the subject as they are used in both cases and would base their choice on the possible different results among the alternatives. This approach, based more on the view from psychological studies, are taken as decisions rather than as they should be taken.