Truth Theories and Cultural Dynamics: History and Society
Truth Theories in History
Correspondence Theory of Truth
This is the basic definition of truth, as stated by Aristotle: “To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true.”
Elements involved:
- Object: The thing itself.
- Subject: The representation of the object by the subject.
Truth, in this sense, is a matching relationship between these two elements. This correspondence or relationship is what Ludwig Wittgenstein referred to as the formal structure of language.
Coherence Theory of Truth
Hegel proposed the coherence theory, where a proposition is true if it is consistent with a group of propositions already accepted as true. This criterion applies to all new knowledge, whether in science or everyday life, and is based on the systems of knowledge we have until then.
Therefore, nothing is true in isolation, but each piece of our knowledge is linked to a system of knowledge, and this is what makes it true.
Pragmatic Theory of Truth
This theory, represented by W. James, emphasizes the usefulness of explanations in solving life’s problems. James saw truth as having a special sense of value for a particular purpose or in a particular context. Truth, in this dynamic vision, is about effectiveness and beneficial effects in solving problems.
Consensus Theory of Truth
Defended by Peirce, Habermas, and Apel, this theory posits that dialogue and collaboration are necessary for determining the truth of a proposition. When we claim something is true, we believe we have sufficient reasons to convince others of its truth.
Therefore, people passionate about truth are willing to engage in dialogue with others to reach a consensus. However, not all consensus guarantees truth, as important information might be missing. Consequently, all scientific truths are always subject to revision.
Subculture and Counterculture
Culture and subcultures vary because not all members of a society think or live the same way. Not all individuals within a culture have the same opportunities.
Countercultures are movements that oppose the main culture and propose an alternative culture and society. Examples include:
- Urban Tribes: Such as rockers, punks, and skinheads, often centered around an idol or leader, with a special code of cultural expression to distinguish themselves from others.
- Aggressive Social Groups: Criminal groups that use violence to directly attack the established system, aiming to create instability and a new type of society through violence.
- Alternative Social Groups: These groups often have a dark and fleeting view of the present and future, seeking solutions to various social issues and often holding an anti-materialist attitude.