Understanding Biases and Their Impact
Trap 1: Confirmation Bias and Selective Thinking
The process whereby one tends to give greater weight to the facts, evidence, or evidence that confirm their own beliefs while ignoring the others.
2: Memory Bias, Conspiracy
Occurs when an unknown, often unconscious, memory is manufactured to fill the empty spaces in our memory stories and fantasies.
3: Ignorance
There is a lack of essential knowledge or information on a topic when making value judgments.
4: Selective Perception
This occurs when one is unaware or is unaware that our own limitations of perception can lead to mislead about the reality (e.g., the moon and stars).
5: Personal Biases and Prejudices
When you are unprepared or unaware that they each have their own biases and prejudices, the result of our own unique experiences, which is difficult to remain objective and think critically.
6: Ambiguity
A word or expression is understood in more ways than one.
7: Expressions Given by Closed or Immutable Fact
Using an expression that prevents one may question the validity of the arguments we all know.
8: Euphemisms and Double Standards
It occurs when you use words or phrases intended to mislead or avoid harmless teach the raw, ugly truth (= mass murder ethnic cleansing).
9: Jargon or Technical Language
It occurs when you use technical language to make the simple seem more complex, more important, or negligible.
10: Implications False
It is a language that is clear and precise but misleading because it suggests something false.
11: Trials of Value
Make opinions or value judgments as to think that are made so that the audience does not have to worry about making his own trial (judgments and opinions without argument).
12: Comparisons Meaningless or Absurd
It is a comparison which implies that something is higher, but at the same time denying that it is.
13: Vagueness or Indefiniteness
A language is less precise than what the context requires (e.g., money).
14: Apofenia or Superstition
It is an erroneous perception of a connection between events that are not related (an example of the hat and football).
15: Circular Reasoning
One takes something as true at the same time he tries to adopt.
16: Illusion or Serial Sniper Fallacy
The mistaken impression that some totally random events occur as a group or serial, and not completely random (experiments searching for water with the wand).
17: False Analogy
Illogical comparisons to support the validity of a particular statement.
18: Forer Effect
A tendency to accept vague personality descriptions that could apply to anyone (horoscope, etc. chart).
19: Comparison Irrelevant
A comparison that is irrelevant or inappropriate levels or between different object classes (e.g., printer).
20: Wishful Thinking
Formation of beliefs and decisions based on something that would be more pleasing to imagine instead of appealing to evidence or rationality. This thought lies in the emotions.
Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, Dialéctica of Enlightenment
Ideology
The text presents us human beings that surround us and control through false consciousness, making us believe that the work to achieve technological progress and global communications increasingly unites us. This was achieved through a propaganda infusing a spirit to people’s own consumerist and materialistic world capitalism.
Alienation
This process makes people start to become other beings that limit their relationships and behaviors that mimic those of the offices, factory, and so on. And as raised by the text, began to isolate ourselves spiritually and physically and lose the ability to create value, and all our conversations revolve around practical interest as desired by the capitalist world.
Objectification
This process is when the capitalist makes us a mere instrument; we become a thing that can be used and a geared mechanism. We are a unit more of their production line, which is why the text states that each person invests so much on cigarettes, movies, etc., believing to be free, but not realizing they are slaves. That is what makes someone with a moderate income, is done by all who have a moderate income, that is established at the end of the text by saying that in order to have come to resemble each again, but it’s late but a commodity, dominated by capitalism, a good part of the market in which we offer as a thing, only for money.
1-confirmation bias and thought selectivo/2-percepcion meaningless or absurd selectiva/3-comparacion