Understanding Diabetes: Types, Symptoms, and Consequences

TIPI DI DIABETE

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Diabetes type 1:

is characterized by a lack of insulin production ———-

Diabetes type 2:

is caused by the body’s ineffective use of insulin; it often results from excess body weight and physical inactivity———-

Diabetes insipidus DI:

excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine. (

Central DI

-involves a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone, is a neurological form-

Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

-Kidney or nephron dysfunction: insensitivity to ADH-)—————

Gestational diabetes:

hyperglycemia, the blood glucose values are below those diagnostic of diabetes; complications during pregnancy —————Intermediate conditions (ex. IFG and ITG): risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes

SINTOMI

Urinating often, feeling thirsty, feeling hungry, extreme fatigue, blurry vision, weight loss – even though you are eating more (type 1), tingling, pain, or numbness in the hands/feet (type 2)

CONSEQUENCES

Over time, diabetes can hurt the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves

• Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke
• Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy (nerve damage) in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers, infection and eventual need for limb amputation.
• Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness.

Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body’s cells. Also blood lipids are a source of energy but it is considered to be mainly energy storage. Glucose is transported, from the intestines or liver, to body cells via the bloodstream, and it is made available via the hormone insulin, produced by the body primarily in the pancreas Glucose TREND The normal blood glucose level for non-diabetics, should be between 70 and 110 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day and rise after meals for an hour or two.HYPERGLYCAEMIA consists in a persistently high level of blood glucose (more than 126 mg/dL) consequences → glycosuria (glucose in the urine) polyuria (exaggerated urination) polydipsia (massive thirst) glycosylation (glucose bonded to many other molecules) thickening of collagen fibers prevents substance exchanges between blood – interstitial fluid – cells TISSUE AFFECTED: Retinal Capillary → retinal aneurysm, retinal bleeding, blindness Crystalline lens → cataract Glomerulus → Hypertension, hematuria (renal bleeding), bacterial infections, kidney failure Lower limb → gangrenas, necrosis, foot ulcers Heart → coronary artery necrosis, heart attack Nervous System → hyper/hypo- perception, muscle tone decreasing, involuntarily diarrhea or constipation, impotenceHYPOGLYCAEMIA refers to a significantly low level of glucose, down to 65 mg/dL consequences → Trembling, Dizziness, Giddiness, Difficulty on focusing, Anxiety, Fatigue, Ketoacidosis These molecules are: KETONS •An alternative source of energy to carbohydrates •Products of acetyl-CoA •Uptake from heart, brain, muscle where they are converted again in acetyl-CoA to produce energy into oxidative cellular respiration Insulin binds to receptors on target cells and allows uptake of glucose. Is a proteinInsulin receptor The insulin receptor is a transmembrane protein, that spans the cellular membrane. Binding of insulin, to the extracellular part of the protein, activates a number of changes inside the cell such as the uptake of glucose, the synthesis of glycogen and fatty acids and mainly the glycolysis, the production of energy from glucose.
CAUSE

• Type 1: Virus, HLA deficiency, Autoimmune disease, B Cells elimination
• Type 2: Genetic factors and Environmental Factors(obesity, stress, age, reduced physical activity)
• DI: pregnancy, alcohol abuse, drug abuse

CURETreatment of diabetes involves lowering blood glucose OR lowering the levels of other risk factors

• people with type 1 diabetes require insulin;
• people with type 2 diabetes can be treated with oral medication, but may also require insulin;

The process of genetic engineering
A small circular piece of DNA called a plasmid is extracted from bacteria or yeast cells.
A small section of the circular plasmid is cut away by restriction enzymes, the so-called “molecular scissors”.
The human insulin gene is inserted into the space created in the plasmid. The plasmid is now genetically modified.
The genetically modified plasmid is introduced into a new bacterium or yeast cell.
This cell divides rapidly and starts producing insulin.
To create large quantities of cells, genetically modified bacteria or yeast are grown in large fermentation vessels that contain all the nutrients they need. The more cells divide, the more insulin is produced.
When the fermentation is complete, the mixture is filtered to obtain the insulin.
The insulin is then purified and packaged in insulin bottles and pens for distribution to patients with diabetes.