Understanding Economic Crime and Its Variables
Standards of White-Collar Crime
- It is forwarded to rules.
- Extrapenal lagoons.
- Criminal (administrative breaches).
- Impunity for corruption in the private sector, for example.
Derisive Penalties
Rarely are they imprisoned; rather, disqualification or a fine is imposed.
Impunity in Multinational Markets
Distorting international agreements or concerted practices. It seems correct, then, the inclusion of Article 445 on crimes of bribery in international business transactions.
Theories of Economic Crime
Differential Association Theory
Criminal practices of representatives of large companies were, according to him, learned, directly or indirectly, from others and their practices. Similarly, these crimes tend to be pursued by a differential implementation process of the law: people of the upper classes have a greater ability to avoid detection and arrest if convicted of committing any prohibited act. The claim is that the criminal phenomenon is not the sole preserve of the poor and marginalized but that it occurs at all levels of society, regardless of the economic conditions of the author.
Criminal behavior is learned in everyday interaction that develops between members of a group, so that a person becomes delinquent when the definitions favorable to violation of the rule outweigh the unfavorable ones. Becoming distant from the source of determinism of positivist theories of subcultures, we can say that ethical standards are developed within the company that contrast with the dominant values in society.
Anomie Theory
His concept of deviant behavior is primarily focused on those marginalized and economically disadvantaged. It consists of the dysfunction that occurs in a person when society sets certain goals, while the social structure severely restricts or completely closes access to the means adopted to achieve them.
Social Reaction Theory
The interest is in the process of interaction between those who have the power of definition and those who experience that definition. Through it, definitions are attributed to certain human behaviors, based on an absence of consensus. It explains immunity or lack of visibility of this group of economic criminals.
Other causes which contribute to giving immunity to certain economic sectors are the diffuse or collective nature of the legal rights protected, the slight economic harm to the individual victims, and the lack of decision by lawmakers to criminalize conduct seriously harmful to the community. Without that capacity, being outside the criminal justice system, it is granted an administrative character.
Conflict Theory
We can reach a similar conclusion. The paradigm of the conflict, based on a pluralistic model of society in permanent shift away from the idea of consensus and integration, considers conflict the cause of the criminal phenomenon, while conflict is considered a constant essential for any social structure.
Most Important Variables in Explaining Crime
Age and Gender
Delinquency among youths aged 16 to 22 years is 5 or 6 times higher than that of adults. But in a few subjects, the crime becomes a persistent pattern. As criminal investigation shows, it is associated with early initiation of criminal activities.
Conclusion: The crime-age relationship can be stated as follows:
- All societies have the height of crime around 18 years.
- Offenders commit crimes in a post-industrial society somewhat later than in a pre-industrial society.
- Demographic factors provide for a.