Understanding Human Factors: Behavior, Motivation, and Workplace Dynamics
Human Factors
Human relations in business:
The behavior of a person is dependent on information from internal sources and external situations.
Internal factors:
- Personality
- Character
- Temperament
External factors:
- Family
- Educational system
- Workplace
- Friendships
Concepts used in the field of human relations:
- Status: is the position of a person within a social group.
- Role: is the behavior expected of an individual.
- Self-concept: is the feeling that a person has of themself and has been forged through the contacts maintained in society.
- Self-esteem: is a successful person in relation to their aspirations, the way in which the person is valued.
Hierarchical structure:
The human factor is organized hierarchically, from largest to smallest category.
Advantages:
- Increased motivation, career
- More reliable control of the activity
- Ease of team building
Disadvantages:
- Increased staff costs
- Distortion in communication
- Difficult planning
Moving the center of interest and concerns of industrial psychology:
- Adaptation of man to work
- Adapting the task to the man
- Adaptation of the machine
- Adjustment of the position and work process
- Adaptation of the work environment
- Fatigue problems
- Personal integration in the workplace
- Collective integration into the organization
Human factors in aviation
Definition: A set of systems that aims at the optimization of the man and the machine that works.
General concepts:
Conduct: a global response is subject to a wealth of situations.
Principles of Behavior
- Inheritance
- Maturation
- Socialization
Personality
Definition: It is the total psychic structure of each particular individual.
Features
- Somatic
- Intelligence and aptitudes
- Temperament
- Motivational structures
- Psychopathology
Attitudes
Definition: Trends are to act a certain way to a stimulus.
There are three components:
- Cognitive
- Affective
- Behavior
Talents
Definition: Are the necessary conditions for a particular activity or the ability of a subject to do something concrete.
Momentum
Definition: It is the tendency to act a certain way automatically, regardless of the will.
Cognitive dissonance
Definition: Festinger: the effect occurs when two stimuli, contrasting attitudes appear simultaneously.
Learning
Definition: Processes by which we own a series of knowledge.
Stories:
- Repeat
- Comprehension
- Application
- Association
Information processing
- Sensory threshold
- Sensation
- Perception
- Adaptation
- Habituation
Attention
Definition: Human capacity to select certain stimuli and respond to them.
Selective attention:
It is when we centralize our attention on a single information.
Divided Attention:
Is one that is shared between the information received from several sources at once.
Memory
Definition: It is the capacity of information storage and later use.
Phases:
- Acquisition
- Consolidation
- Long-term storage
- Rememorization
Memory Types:
- Sensory:
- Of short duration, or shortened term
- Long-term or long term
- Semantic memory
- Episodic memory
- Effective
Special Senses
Vision:
- Tunnel vision: changes frequently
- Hypoxia, vision and flight: the visual system is the first to feel the lack of oxygen.
Hearing:
- Frequency: number of vibrations per unit time. (Hz) or (cps)
- Size: intensity of vibration. (db)
Balance:
- Motion sickness:
- Physical features of the stimulus
- Individual idiosyncratic factors
- Nature of the work done
- Environmental factors
Phobias: fear of excessive, irrational and persistent.
Definition of motivation:
The positive emotional state, which occurs in a subject, when there is a stimulus that meets a need, thus enabling the creation of the desired behavior.
Current systems of motivation in the company:
Include the following:
- Job enrichment
- Adaptation of man to the post and the post man
- Motivation at zero cost
The money needs met:
- Basic life needs
- Health needs and education
- Frills
- Status
- Power
Methods of non-economic motivation
- Work and play
- The usefulness of praise
- Knowledge of Results
- Competition
- Progress
- Social factors in motivating
- Participation
- Group Decision
- Music
Increased interest in work
- Bring people to tasks
- Give importance to tasks
- Eliminate boredom
The group
It is the group of people united with one goal, objective or purpose.
Appearance and need
- Groups of formal structure: they are randomly
- Informal groups or amorphous structure: there are pre-selection process.
Operation of the group
- Group Task Activities
- Activities contractionary
- Activities to their own advantage
Social facilitation
With this term indicates the effects for a subject with a situation where a lot of activity in the presence of others who need not be a group.
The presence of other subjects to perform an action or perform work seems to have a synergistic effect on individuals, inducing them to act with more intensity.
Reference group
These groups are constantly engaged on the individual and that affects their behavior, conditioning it somehow.
Interaction
These are processes by which a person relates to other mutual encouragement.
Role and status
- Role: A set of attitudes and behavior others expect of a person.
- Status: A set of attitudes and behaviors about it, a person can expect from others.
Management, supervision and leadership
Leadership:
- For some it is that X has that and do what you want X
- For others, understand that when X persuades And whoever wants to do something that X, because it is good for Y
- Some is that X set conditions
Skills institutional leader
- Intelligence, verbal and associative
- Initiative
- Capacity Control
- Security in itself
- Professionalism
Manifestation of power: order and obedience
Characteristics that influence the person’s disobedience:
- Sociability
- Antisocial feelings
- Feelings of personal dignity
- Feelings of inferiority and resentment
- Personal antipathy toward the head
Leadership styles, types:
- Conduct action-oriented leadership, the effectiveness of the task
- Conduct command-oriented group, called democracy.
Decision making steps
- Perception of a situation requiring a decision
- Proposed alternatives
- Evaluation of alternatives
Skills
It is the predisposition of the subject to perform a physical or intellectual activity.
Rating:
- Mental Abilities
- Coordination functions
- Physical and sensory skills
- Characteristics or personality traits
Concept Test
It is definite proof, which is a task at hand, identical for all subjects tested.
Requirements for test
These must be the validity, sensitivity and reliability that are required of all measuring instruments, is only valid when it actually measures what it purports to measure.
Stress and anxiety
The creator of the term was Hans Selye defined as an atypical response to the demands of the body to which it is subjected or as the common denominator of the reactions of accommodation of the organism.
- Phase alarm
- Phase resistance
- Stage of exhaustion
Types of stress
- Daily
- Environmental
- Professional
Stress management in cabin
- Communication-personal skills
- Situation awareness
- Problem solving, decision making, trial
- Management, ability to follow
- Tension control
- Criticism
Fatigue
Reduced ability to work because of previous work.
Fatigue and psychological phenomena associated with it
Varieties of psychological fatigue:
Understand the factors causing the decline of labor. Understanding the decrease in efficiency for work, which is commonly known as mental fatigue, and phenomena such as monotony and boredom.
The motivation is involved in all forms of fatigue.
Fatigue motivation and energy expenditure
Motivation influences the will of a man to work. The amount of energy it can spend on a task, depends on the motivation to find at work.
States that characterized the course of satiety
- Variability
- Reduced quality
- Difficulty in making the necessary movements continue
- Complete inability to continue work
Types of fatigue:
In relation to the type of activity:
- Physics
- Mental
- Perceptual
Regarding Unmarried periods:
- Acute
- Cumulative
- Chronic
Causes:
- Bad Break
- Altered heart rhythms
- Excessive muscle activity
- Psychological-overactivity
The dream:
It is a state of consciousness characterized by a series of physiological changes occurring in it a certain disconnection from the external world.
- Variations somatic muscle tone completely abolished
- Sleep cycle: REM at 70-90 min
- Narcolepsy:
- Hypersomnia: less than the previous
Heart rhythms:
periodicity of 24 h
Biological clock:
due to the alternation of light and dark
Flights Transmediterranea
- Sleep disturbance
- Gastrointestinal disorders
- Endocrine disorders
- Psychological-disorders
- Feeling of discomfort and disorientation
- An objective assessment of the gap produced
Noise:
Effects of noise on work performance:
- The noise reduction increases production.
Effect on health:
- Are harmful
Effect on morality:
- If correcting boosts morale
General:
- Noise: Unwanted annoying sound
- Sound: environmental pressure variation in waveforms can be seen is spread through the air.
Adverse events were:
Physiological:
- Stomach Disorders
- Decreased visual acuity
- Nerve disorders
- Increased heart rate
- Rapid breathing
Psychological
- Aggressiveness
- Decreased immediate memory
- Anxiety
- Decreased attention
- Increased reaction time
Communication:
Is transfer of information.
Forms of communication:
- Verbal
- Non verbal
- The voice
- Facial expression
- Body language
- The body contact
- Spatial distance
Factors which assist the communication:
- Redundancy
- Feedback or feed-back
- Tuning
Manipulation of reality:
- Stereotyping
- Halo effect
- Projection
- Expectations
Elements of communication:
- Issuer
- Receiver
- Status and communication
- Message
- Communication Networks
Degradation of communication:
- Leaks during transmission, interference or cuts
- Message incomplete, deficiencies in the emission
- Gaps in the reception
Feed-back and effectiveness of communication:
The information process is perfected by bilateralism.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Accidents at work:
Programs are cost effective prevention and safety.
Disability:
- Provisional
- Permanent: grades
- Part for the usual occupation
- Total for the usual occupation
- Absolute for all work
- Major disability.
Occupational disease:
It is because of the professional activity performed by the worker.
Classification of accidents according to Ghiselli and Brown:
- The nature of the events
- The causes leading to the event
- The effects of the event
Methods to prevent the accident:
- Engineer
- Psychologist
Indirect measures of security:
- Elimination of fatigue
- Appropriate speed to work
- Good lighting
- Control weather
Psychological safety devices:
- Campaigns and safety signs
- Safety habits
- Grounds security
PHYSICAL WORK
It advises:
Sitting:
- Keep your back straight and leaning on the chair
- Level the table at elbow height
- Adjust chair height
- Switch position
Standing:
- Switch positions
- Adjust the height of the type of effort since
- Change the position of the feet and distributed loads
- Use a footrest.
PATTERNS OF WORK Elebe
The excessive workload and high schedule can cause serious health disorders.
Hazards:
They emerge in monotonous and repetitive work for long periods of time where the task is not changed and there are few breaks.
How to protect:
- Changing the order of operations
- Mark your own pace
- Introduce sufficient rest periods
WORK SHIFTS AND NIGHT
Hazards:
- Disruption of biological rhythms
- Altered eating habits
- Sleep disturbance
- Alterations in social and family life
- Accumulation of errors
- Decreased reflexes
How to protect:
- Set maximum shifts respecting the sleep cycle
- Make short cycles per shift
- Lunch breaks to seek a balanced
- Knowing the timing of shifts in advance.