Understanding Interactions and Atomic Structure
Interaction is an action that is exerted on a reciprocal basis between two or more subjects, objects, actors, forces, and functions.
Types of Interaction
Gravitational Interaction is the force of mutual attraction that occurs between two objects in the universe. This is a common property of all known mass.
Electromagnetic Interaction is the force of mutual attraction or repulsion between two objects due to a property called electric charge. This property is the excess of negative charges possessed by a body.
Electrostatic Interaction: Studies electrical phenomena caused by static charge distributions, i.e., the electrostatic field of a charged body.
Nuclear Interactions: These are displayed only inside the atomic nucleus, causing intensive forces.
Electrification: One of the phenomena studied by electrostatics, which deals with phenomena related to electric charges at rest.
Ways to Charge a Body
Charging by Friction: When rubbing two electrically neutral bodies (number of electrons = number of protons), both are charged, one positively and one negatively.
Charging by Contact: When two bodies are charged by contact, the electrified body will transfer charges of the same sign to the other.
Charging by Induction: An electrically charged body can attract another body that is neutral. When approaching an electrified body to a neutral body, an electrical interaction is established between the charges of the first and the neutral body.
Charging by Thermionic Effect: Ionization produced by heat. At high temperatures, the electrons that vibrate louder can escape the body, which will then be positively charged.
Charging by Photoelectric Effect: Formation and release of electrically charged particles produced in matter when it is irradiated with light or other electromagnetic radiation.
Charging by Piezoelectric Effect: Physical phenomena for which there is a difference in electrical potential between the faces of a crystal when it is subjected to mechanical pressure.
Structure of Atoms
Protons have a mass that is quite large compared with electrons; they are 1836 times the size of an electron. A proton has a positive electrical charge.
Electron: It has a negative electrical charge and is the lowest mass particle inside the atom.
Neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom and have no electric charge. Its mass is approximately equal to that of the proton.
Law of Universal Gravitation: The force of attraction that occurs between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance that separates them.
Instruments to Measure When a Body is Electrically Charged
The Electroscope is an instrument to determine the presence of electric charges and their sign.
Electric Pendulum consists of a pith ball supported by a stand with a silk thread.
Conductors: Materials that very easily allow the passage of electrons.
Insulators or Dielectrics: Materials that resist the flow of electrons.
Semiconductors have properties intermediate between conductors and insulators.
Conservation Law of Charges: In an isolated system, electrical loads are transferred from one place to another by an attraction or repulsion force.