Understanding Learning, Memory, and Personality Development
Learning and Memory
Learning: is a modification of relatively permanent behavior that occurs as a result of practice.
Learning by Observing:
- Acquisition: The model is observed or conduct is repeated.
- Retention: Retain the behavior.
- Execution: The behavior is performed.
- Reinforcement: Reinforcing and maintaining the behavior.
Memory:
- Perception: Sensing something impressive, which may be unintentional.
- Consolidation: Retaining information and ordering.
- Storage: The information is saved and becomes part of memory.
- Recovery: The ability to retrieve stored information.
Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Intelligence: (0 – 2 years) Instrumental reflexes: there is no control by the body, only reactions.
Habits: Begin to coordinate movements and perception. Sensorimotor intelligence or practice: (1.5 to 2 years) learn to coordinate, learn to manipulate objects and control walking movements.
Pre-Operational Stage: (2 to 6 years): Learn the language: this can rebuild stocks, thought arises as dialogue with oneself.
- Animism: Giving human characteristics to inanimate objects or animals.
- Artificialism: Thinking that all things were created by someone, man.
Concrete Operational Stage: (7 to 11 years) – Use of reason, has the ability to do mental operations but concretely. There is Reversibility: that is, it includes the making and unmaking of objects. And Reciprocity: you can put yourself in another’s shoes.
Formal Operations Stage: (12 years and up), have an opinion, argue, generate abstractions and intellectual egocentrism (believing to be always right, the truth).
Personality Development (Freud)
Theory of Psychosexual Development:
Psychoanalysis: Trying to decode unconscious processes to solve them.
There are unconscious phenomena and pressure.
There are 2 structures of personality according to Freud:
Before 1920:
Trying to let the outside world in, lies in the conscious.
Preconsciousness: is composed of those learnings and memories we have but are dealing with.
Censorship: Not allowing the conscious to connect with the unconscious.
Unconscious: Repressed memories and feelings are there, we do not know they are there, no access to the unconscious. This wants to date certain forces, called Drives:
- Sex: Pleasure
- Self-preservation: Necessary for life (Hunger, etc.) to survive.
After 1920:
The outer world lies in the conscious, where the I, which consists of:
- Perception: (Aware)
- Preconsciousness: Memories and feelings they are dealing with.
- Defense Mechanisms: (Unconscious, to repress these IT) this appears at 2 years.
After this comes the superego, which is unconscious and appears at 5 or 6 years, are all prohibitions, would not do anything. And then comes this: unconscious, is always already are needs that are always triggered by threatening the YO.
Other drives appear:
- Thanatos: Instincts of destruction and death.
- Ethos: They are self-preservation instincts and the sexual.