Understanding Literary Analysis and Journalistic Texts
Objective 2.1: Main Ideas and Supporting Concepts
Main Idea
The main idea is the most important element of a text; without it, the text would be meaningless.
Key Concepts
- Anticipation: The presentation of a fact or circumstance before its expected occurrence.
- Paraphrase: A clear and didactic restatement of a text.
- Inference: Drawing a conclusion or result based on evidence.
- Conclusion: A final proposition, often found in academic or research work.
- Generalization: A fundamental element of logic and human reasoning.
Note Cards
Note cards are used to record data according to its nature.
Types of Note Cards
- Bibliographic Cards: Cards with an international format (75 x 125 mm) used in libraries to store information about books and documents in alphabetical order by author. Information included: 1) Author; 2) Year of publication; 3) Title of the book; 4) Edition number (from the 2nd edition onwards); 5) Place of publication; 6) Publisher; 7) Number of pages.
- Summary Cards: Used to condense information from printed materials.
- Textual Cards: Used to collect information verbatim from a source without altering, summarizing, or expanding the original text.
Sub-Scratching
Identifying and highlighting important aspects within a subsection.
Summarizing
A technique to present a synthesis of the ideas in a text, page, or poem.
Outlining
Organizing ideas in a hierarchical order for clear presentation.
Objective 2.2: Newspapers
Definition
A publication issued periodically, at regular intervals.
Newspaper Formats
- Daily Newspapers: Publications with a focus on current events.
Newspaper Sections
- Header: Highlights the main news of the day in large letters across the width of the paper.
- International Politics: Covers political events occurring abroad.
- National Politics: Covers political events within the country of publication.
- Economy: Covers national and international economic news.
- Culture: Covers national and international cultural events.
- Education: Covers news related to education.
- Events: Covers accidents, crime, and natural disasters.
- Local: Covers news specific to the newspaper’s area of influence.
- Sports: Covers sports news and events.
- Science: Covers scientific research and discoveries.
- Religion: Covers news related to different religious communities.
- Society: Covers social incidents and undocumented events.
- Opinion: Provides a platform for different viewpoints on current issues.
Journalistic Genres
- News: Reports on novel or unusual events within a specific community or area.
- Feature: A narrative of events, which may or may not be current.
- Editorial: An unsigned text that explains, evaluates, and judges a significant news event.
Structure of News Articles
- Title: Identifies, advertises, and summarizes the news.
- Breaks: Small separations between paragraphs to improve readability.
- Highlights: Used to emphasize key phrases or aspects of the information.
- Exploded: Contains supplemental information to enhance understanding of the story.
Types of News
- Summary News: Combines different data related to various subjects into one story.
- Obituary: Describes the death of a person, often including a biography for well-known figures.
- Situational News: Addresses a social issue of concern.
- Additional News: Adds anecdotes or indirect consequences to the main story.
Objective 3.1: Levels of Discourse
Narrator Types
- Represented Narrator (First-person/Protagonist): Tells the story and participates in the actions.
- Unrepresented Narrator (Third-person): Tells the story without participating in the actions.
- Witness Narrator: Recounts events but does not experience them directly.
- Omniscient Narrator: Knows the entire story and all aspects of the characters.
Environment
- Physical Environment: A specific location where events take place.
- Psychological Environment: The inner mind, dream world, memories, or hallucinations.
Narrative Elements
- Actions: Events that occur in a logical sequence.
- Narration: The predominant expressive form in narrative texts.
- Description: Used to depict characters, environments, or objects.
- Dialogue: Represents conversations between characters.
- Monologue: A character speaking to themselves.
Literary Devices
- Alliteration: Repetition of a phoneme or group of phonemes.
- Onomatopoeia: A type of alliteration that imitates real sounds.
- Anaphora: Repetition of a word or words at the beginning of phrases or verses.
- Paronomasia: Association of two words with similar sounds but different meanings.
- Polysyndeton: Use of numerous conjunctions to coordinate linguistic elements.
- Epithet: Adding adjectives to characterize a noun, often for praise or criticism.
- Asyndeton: Omission of conjunctions where they would normally be expected.
- Ellipsis: Omission of a word or phrase understood from the context.
- Hyperbaton: Alteration of the usual word order.
- Parallelism: Similar structure and length in syntactic elements.
- Simile/Comparison: Relating a real term to an imaginary one with resemblance.
- Metaphor: Transfer of meaning between two words (real and imaginary).
- Hyperbole: Exaggeration of reality.
- Irony: Expressing the opposite of what is meant.
- Paradox: Combining two seemingly contradictory ideas.
- Antithesis: Contrasting two antonyms in speech.
- Personification: Attributing human qualities to inanimate objects or natural phenomena.
Objective 3.2: Lyrical Poetry
A genre originating from Greek and Latin cultures…