Understanding Nouns, Pronouns, Descriptive & Narrative Text
Nouns
Concrete: Tangible realities (ashtray, table)
Abstract: Mental realities (sadness, friendship)
Common: General objects (city, friend)
Proper: Individual names (Rome, Fernando)
Group: Group of beings or objects (swarm)
Individual: Singular beings or objects (bee)
Countable: Can be counted (book, button)
Uncountable: Cannot be counted (oil)
Pronouns
Anaphora: Pronoun refers to elements mentioned previously.
Cataphoric: Pronoun refers to elements appearing later in speech.
Demonstrative Pronouns: This, that, these, those.
Possessive: Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.
Indefinite: Someone, nothing, anyone, anything, one, some, none, all, other, much, little, pretty, too.
Numerals:
- Cardinal: One, two
- Ordinal: First, second
Relative: That, what, who, whose.
Exclamatory: That, how much, who.
Interrogative: Who, what, how.
Descriptive Text
Connotative: Has a secondary, subjective meaning associated with other ideas.
Denotative: Meaning as it appears in the dictionary.
Description represents people, objects, animals, or environments.
Technical or Objective Description
Intention is orderly, precise, and objective.
Featuring Principles:
- Representative: Objective account
- Denotative (dictionary-based)
- Technical terms
- Abundance of nouns and adjectives
Literary Description
Aesthetic, creates beauty, is connotative.
Deals with concrete realities, caricatures, abstract realities, environments, landscapes, and historical periods.
Linguistic Procedures: Use of imperfect, present, and indicative tenses; copulative sentences; literary resources.
Narrative Text
Can be invented or real.
Elements
Action: Must follow logic and reason. Includes primary and secondary actions.
Characters: Carry out the narrated events. Can be primary or secondary.
- Flat: Static, unchanging in the story.
- Round: Complex, changes behavior.
Time and Space:
- Narrative Time: Duration of the story’s action.
- Narrative Space: Where the story unfolds.
Narrator
- Protagonist: Main character.
- Witness: Secondary character.
- Transcriber: Relays what another has created.
Order of Events
- Linear: Beginning, middle, and end.
- Fragmented: Disjointed.
- In Extremis Res: Start at the end, then return to the beginning (flashback).
- In Medias Res: Starts in the middle of the action.
Linguistic Procedures
Characterized by preterite perfect simple tense, predicate sentences, and anaphora.
Other Text Types
News: Topical event, objective, and relevant data.
Reportage: Requires less present tense and involves scientific activity.
Chronicle: Enlarged and annotated news with opinions.
Historical Text: Narrates past events but uses description and exposition.
Diary: Personal and intimate writing of feelings and sensations.