Understanding Operating Systems: Functions and Usage
An operating system is a program or set of programs that allows you to manage the resources of a computer. It starts working when you turn on the computer, enabling user interaction. The operating system manages the installation, configuration, usage, and maintenance of software and computer hardware. There are two main types:
- Windows: A commercial operating system owned by Microsoft. They have developed a family of operating systems that have evolved over time.
- Linux: A free and open-source operating system. Several companies develop and maintain different Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu, Red Hat, Debian, and others.
Bootloader
When you turn on your computer, if multiple operating systems are installed, the bootloader starts, allowing you to choose the desired one. Once selected, the computer works as if it only had that operating system installed.
Login
To access the system, enter your username and password on the login screen.
Operating System Functions
Operating systems perform several crucial functions:
- Manage programs, allowing installation, use, and removal.
- Organize information in folders and files, controlling the reading and storing of data on different disks.
- Control the use of computer peripherals and detect possible errors in their operation.
- Allow connection and information exchange with other devices.
Graphical User Interface and Shell
Operating systems have undergone significant transformation since their origins. While their basic functions remain the same, the shell has evolved into more attractive and intuitive graphical user interfaces. Depending on the operating system, access to commands will differ, as will the commands that can be used.
-
Windows: The command-line interface is known as Command Prompt. It is opened by clicking Start, selecting Run, and typing
cmd. -
Linux: The command-line interface is called Terminal. It can be opened using the keyboard shortcut
Ctrl + Alt + F1, among other methods.
The Desktop
Once logged in, the user encounters a screen called the Desktop, which contains preferences and specific documents for that user. Key elements of the desktop include:
- Icons: Placed on the desktop for easy access to files and applications.
- Shortcuts: Provide quick access to applications by double-clicking.
- Menu: Allows you to perform different tasks.
- Launchers: Some icons that contain frequently used programs.
- Taskbar: Contains a button for each currently open window.
- Workspace: Each workspace corresponds to a separate desktop.
- Programs: Each program appears in a separate window.
Utilities
There are three main types of utilities:
- Accessories: Allow you to perform basic tasks.
- System Preferences: Used to customize the operating system.
- Management Tools: Tools for configuration and maintenance.
Software
Software applications are designed to assist the user in completing specific types of work. They can be opened directly by clicking on their shortcut or by selecting them from the programs menu.
- Windows: Clicking Start and selecting All Programs displays a list of installed programs.
- Linux: Programs are grouped by categories within the Applications menu. Examples include office, graphics, Internet, sound and video, education, programming, and others.
Ending the Session
It is crucial to shut down the system properly to avoid damage. Use the Shut Down option. If another user will be using the same operating system, it is sufficient to use the Log Out option, which returns the computer to the login screen.
Configuration Tools
Operating systems have different tools for system administration. Configuration tools are similar across all operating systems. To use administrative tools, you need Administrator or root privileges.
Windows Administration
The Control Panel is the main tool for configuring software and hardware installed on your computer. Settings are classified into categories.
Linux Administration
The configuration tools used by Linux are found in the System Preferences menu.