Understanding Political Regimes: Democracy and Non-Democracy
Political Regimes
There are different political regimes in the world. Some are democratic, and others are non-democratic. Each state manages its territory following a series of rules and institutions that apply laws. Democracy is the most widespread regime.
Democracy
It is based on the principles of individual liberty and equality before the law. It advocates the separation of powers:
- Legislative power: Has the mission of making and passing laws.
- Judicial power: Has the function of administering justice and enforcing laws.
- Executive power: Has the function of applying policies and laws.
Sovereignty is held by the people, the citizens, who elect political representatives. Democracies are multi-party, so citizens can choose between different candidates. Each party presents candidates and a government program.
Types
- A state can be centralized (the central government applies the law) or decentralized.
- According to the head of state:
- Monarchy: A king or queen holds office by right of succession.
- Republic: A president who has been elected.
- System of government:
- Presidential: The president is head of state and of the government.
- Parliamentary: The head of state does not hold executive power.
Non-Democratic Regimes
In other regimes, political parties are prohibited, or there is just one party with authorization from the government. In this case, the rights of citizens do not exist or are very limited.
- Theocratic regime: A regime in which the legitimacy of power is based on religious principles (e.g., Iran).
- Communist regimes: All policy decisions are channeled through a single party that controls government bodies.
- Absolute monarchies: A king or emperor governs with absolute or dictatorial rule.
- Military or presidential dictatorships: Freedom is restricted, and power is controlled by a military or political elite.