Understanding Power Dynamics in the Workplace
Power in the Workplace
Power is the ability of a person to control resources, people, and events to accomplish a task or objective while overcoming resistance, opposition, or other obstacles standing in the way.
The five bases of power were identified by John French and Bertram Raven in the early 1960s through a study they conducted on power in leadership roles.
The Five Different Forms of Power
They can be divided into two categories: formal and personal power.
Formal Power
Coercive Power
Coercive power is the most primitive type of power in the workplace. It exists when a person in authority threatens a subordinate with some type of punishment if a certain duty or activity is not completed or performed correctly. It is important to note that coercive power is used most effectively in scenarios where the business is in a crisis or is somehow threatened. This power is obtained through threatening others. For example, the power to fire someone based on work output, or the VP of Sales who threatens sales staff to meet their goals or get replaced.
Reward Power
Many employees are motivated by rewards and incentives to comply with orders given by a superior. This motivation is an example of reward power. Additional examples of reward power include public praise, wage increases, and job promotions as a result of jobs well done. The purpose of reward power is to trigger that part of human nature that appreciates being recognized for high performance. For example, the good old ‘I’ll give you this if you do this for me’ or the supervisor who provides employees comp time when they meet an objective she sets for a project.
Legitimate Power
Legitimate power exists when the subordinates of someone in authority comply with orders given to them. It comes from having a position of power in an organization, such as being the boss or a key member of a leadership team. This power arises when employees in the organization recognize the authority of the individual. For example, a manager of a department or the CEO who determines the overall direction of the company and the resource needs of the company.
Personal Power
Referent Power
Referent power refers to the power that is gained as a result of being admired by subordinates in the workplace. It is best achieved and used in a workplace where employee turnover is low and in an environment where personal relationships can be cultivated. Referent power comes from being trusted and respected. For example, the Human Resource Associate who is known for ensuring that employees are treated fairly and coming to the rescue of those who are not.
Expert Power
It is natural for people to respect and follow those who are experts in a given field or occupation. Expert power results from the expertise a person has gained through the experiences and training that have marked her business career. It comes from one’s experiences, skills, or knowledge. For example, a well-experienced and educated person gaining respect for their knowledge or the Project Manager who is an expert at solving particularly challenging problems to ensure a project stays on track.