Understanding Social Learning, Gender Theories, and Workplace Dynamics
Social Learning Theory
The theory depicts a triadic model of reciprocal causation among personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior patterns.
Different Methods of Learning
- Tuition: Direct teaching
- Enactive experience: Experiencing the reactions one’s behavior evokes in others
- Modeling: Observing other people
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Emphasizes the ways that children learn gender-typed attitudes and behaviors through inference.
Gender self-socialization: Children’s biases to behave in accord with their gender identity are strengthened by their greater attention to and involvement with entities and activities deemed appropriate to their gender.
Gender Schema Theory
In contrast to Kohlberg’s view that gender-typed interests emerge after gender constancy is achieved, gender schema theory holds that the motivation to enact gender-typed behavior begins soon after children can label other people’s and their own gender during toddlerhood.
Sexual Scripts
Sexual scripts can be thought of as schemas for sexual concepts and events.
Sexual Double Standard
That men and women are held at different levels of acceptability.
Marriage Gradient
The tendency for women to “marry up” and men to “marry down” by sorting themselves into couples in which the man has higher prestige and income.
Types of Marriage
- Traditional Marriage: Both the husband and wife agree that the husband should have greater authority.
- Modern Marriage: Spouses have a “senior-partner-junior partner” or “near-peer” relationship. Modern wives work outside the home, but mutually agree the wife’s job is less important.
- Egalitarian Marriage: The partners share equal power and authority.
Social Exchange Theory
Development, maintenance, and decay of exchange relationships in terms of the balance between the rewards that marital partners obtain and the costs that they incur by selecting themselves into marital relationships.
Key Concepts in Motherhood and Reproductive Rights
- Motherhood Mystique: Western society has strong beliefs about motherhood.
- Motherhood Mandate: Social pressure on women to have children.
- Reproductive Freedom: The ability to choose to have children.
- Pro-Choice: A term that is coined from reproductive freedom that encompasses every issue regarding women’s bodies.
- Post Abortion Syndrome: The belief that women who have abortions typically suffer guilt, shame, and lasting psychological damage.
- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): (Definition missing from original text)
Status-Enhancing Work
“Behind every successful man is a good woman.” Example: Politician’s wife.
Sex Segregation in the Workplace
- Horizontal Sex Segregation: The tendency for women and men to hold different jobs.
- Vertical Sex Segregation: The tendency for women to be clustered at the bottom of the hierarchy within an occupation.
Glass Ceiling
The point in a woman’s career that women can’t go further.
Glass Escalator
How men in female-dominated fields rise higher and faster than females in male-dominated fields.
Workplace Harassment
- Quid Pro Quo Harassment: Unwanted sexual advances or behavior that is a condition of employment.
- Hostile Work Environment Harassment: Includes obscene remarks, demeaning jokes about women, or suggestive comments about the worker’s sexuality or personal life.
Sex-Role Spillover Theory
Carryover of gendered-based roles into the work setting, being seen as a sex object by men.
Role Conflict and Overload
- Role Conflict: The psychological effects of being faced with sets of incompatible expectations or demands.
- Role Overload: The difficulties of meeting expectations.
Double Standard of Aging
Women are seen as old at an earlier age than men, and being old is seen as more negative for women.
Elder Speak
Baby talk or the way people talk to their pets: it is grammatically simplified, repetitious, slowed down, and exaggerated in pitch. Most elderly people find it insulting.
Pornography vs. Erotica
- Pornography: Material that deals with sexual themes that are violent, dehumanizing, degrading, or abusive.
- Erotica: Material that is sexually arousing without these other themes.
Types of Sexual Assault
- Acquaintance Rape: Non-consenting penetration by people that know each other.
- Rape: Non-consenting sex.
- Sexual Assault: Unwanted sexual contact, like groping and fondling.