Understanding Social Stratification: Concepts, Theories, and Critiques
Basic Concepts in Sociology
A concept is a fundamental element of science, representing a simplified mental construct of a real-world aspect. Sociologists utilize concepts to categorize facets of social life.
A variable is a concept whose value fluctuates across different cases. For instance, “height” varies from one individual to another.
Utilizing variables hinges on measurement, a process for ascertaining a variable’s value in a specific instance. While some variables, like blood pressure, are easily measurable, sociological variables can be more complex. This complexity arises because a variable’s value partly depends on its definition.
Before assigning a value to a variable, researchers must operationalize it. This involves precisely defining what needs to be measured.
Correlation and Cause
Correlation signifies a relationship where two or more variables change in conjunction. However, sociologists aim to understand not just the change but also which variable influences the other.
The goal is to establish cause and effect, a relationship where a change in one variable directly leads to a change in another. For example, Durkheim discovered that the degree of social integration (the cause) influenced suicide rates (the effect).
The variable causing the change is the independent variable, while the variable undergoing change is the dependent variable.
It’s crucial to note that a mere correlation between variables doesn’t automatically imply a cause-and-effect relationship. A spurious correlation is a deceptive relationship between variables caused by an external, unconsidered variable.
To confirm a genuine cause-and-effect relationship, we must demonstrate:
- Correlation between variables
- The independent variable precedes the dependent variable
- No evidence of an overlooked third variable
Davis-Moore’s Functionalist Theory of Stratification and Tumin’s Critique
Davis and Moore’s theory of stratification, rooted in functionalism, has sparked extensive debate. Tumin, a prominent critic, offered a comprehensive rebuttal of their ideas.
Tumin’s Critique
Functional Importance
Davis and Moore tended to assume that highly rewarded positions are inherently the most crucial. However, many occupations are vital to society. Tumin argued that certain unskilled laborers are as indispensable to a factory as engineers.
The perceived importance of professions like law or medicine over farm labor or refuse collection is subjective.
Power and Rewards
Tumin argued that Davis and Moore overlooked the role of power in the unequal distribution of rewards. Disparities in pay and prestige might stem from power dynamics rather than functional importance.
The Pool of Talent
Davis and Moore assumed a limited pool of individuals possess the talent for functionally important roles. Tumin challenged this, citing two reasons:
- The lack of a reliable method to measure talent and ability
- The possibility of a larger talent pool than assumed
Training
Tumin questioned whether training for important positions, often framed as a sacrifice, justifies continuous high pay. He noted that any initial earnings loss is usually recouped within the first decade of work.
Motivation
Davis and Moore posited that unequal rewards motivate talented individuals to occupy crucial roles. Tumin countered that social stratification can hinder talent motivation and recruitment. This is evident in the tendency of lower social classes to leave the education system earlier.
Inequality and Opportunity
Tumin concluded that stratification inherently cannot fulfill the functions Davis and Moore ascribed to it. He argued that individuals from lower strata face unequal opportunities compared to those from higher strata, limiting their potential.
Social Divisions
Tumin challenged the notion that social stratification fosters social integration. He argued that differential rewards can breed hostility, suspicion, and distrust among societal segments, making stratification a divisive rather than unifying force.