Understanding Socialization, Emotions, and Psychoanalysis
Socialization
Socialization is the process by which individuals belonging to a society or culture learn and internalize a code of norms, values, and ways of perceiving reality. This equips them with the skills needed to function successfully in social interaction with other individuals within that society. As noted by Berger and Luckmann (1968:164 ff): “The individual is not born a member of society,” but “is induced to participate” in society through the internalization of its standards.
Partners
A partner is the name given to each of the parties in a partnership agreement. Through this agreement, each partner undertakes to bring capital to a company, usually with a business purpose.
Feelings
A feeling is the result of an emotion, through which there is conscious access to one’s own mood. The channel through which this occurs can be physical and/or spiritual. It’s part of the dynamics of the human brain that enables it to react to events of daily life by releasing a substance produced in the brain.
Emotions
Emotions are psychophysiological adaptive modes representing certain environmental stimuli or oneself. Psychologically, emotions alter attention, shape certain behaviors, guide individuals’ responses, and activate relevant associative networks in memory. From a physiological standpoint, emotions rapidly organize the responses of different biological systems, including facial expressions, the muscles, the voice, the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the endocrine system, in order to establish an optimal internal environment for more effective behavior.
Bars and Gangs
Bars serve as a focal point for broad social activities, such as dances and parties, while cliques revolve around conversation, acting as an instrument for the dissemination of information within the group, preparation of activities, and evaluation (Dunphy, 1963).
Gangs made up of adolescents from lower socioeconomic levels are characterized by their members being highly motivated to acquire materials and goods. They are not willing to follow legal channels to obtain these, against which they feel they have no chance of any kind. In the case of gangs of high socioeconomic status, the boredom of it all, and the desire for adventure and thrills are the main reasons for their formation.
Development and Dependency Theory
Development challenges the classical theory of international trade, based on the principle of comparative advantage, to highlight the phenomenon of deteriorating terms of trade and transfers of value between countries involved, for industrialized countries and countries subject to the primary-exporting economies (center-periphery). The industrialization of raw materials (e.g., wheat, soybeans, timber, oil, etc.) gives added value to goods for export and substitutes imports (import substitution industrialization), improving terms of trade and reducing the gap between countries. Development is closely related to Dependency Theory.
In the mid-1960s, some developers began to realize the limitations of the theory in its original formulation as a model of import substitution, mainly due to the need to finance industrial imports of primary exports using foreign exchange, foreign investments, filings of multinational companies, and foreign debt. These developments led some development economists to supplement their theoretical developments with sociological studies on dependence that were developed since the 1930s, largely initiated by Sergio Bagú. This led to the formation of so-called Dependency Theory.
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a theory of unconscious mental processes, which presents a broader concept of sexuality, its relationships with psychological events, and its reflection in the sociocultural. The assumption that there are unconscious psychic phenomena and mechanisms, together with the role of sexuality and the so-called Oedipus complex, resulting in a difference between instinct and drive, as well as acceptance of the theory of repression and the role of resistance in the analysis, are to Freud the pillars of his theoretical edifice, to the point that he argues that “those who cannot admit all should not be counted among psychoanalysts.”