Understanding Text and Its Properties: A Comprehensive Guide
The Text and Its Properties
The text is the maximum communication unit consisting of the deliberate release of statements orally or in writing, in a concrete communicative situation for a particular purpose.
Fitness
Fitness is a textual property for which the message conforms to the situation in which the text is delivered and the purpose of the text emitter. For a text to be appropriate, the author must take into account the characteristics of the recipient, the subject matter, and the situation in which the message is received.
Consistency
Consistency is the property securing the Indian-looking sense of a text. It aims to present ideas on the same theme and logically structured.
Degrees of Coherence:
- Global Consistency: This guarantees the unitary sense of the text.
- Consistency Between the Parties: This is achieved when every paragraph and every sentence contributes to the meaning of the text.
Consistency is achieved by alternating the exposure of the item text and rema. The issue is the issue the sender wants to inform the receiver about, i.e., what is spoken. The row is new information that the transmitter contributes, is connected to the subject, and is not known beforehand.
Cohesion
Cohesion is the property for establishing a connection between the parts of a text. To establish these connections, some resources of various kinds are used:
Types of Cohesion:
- Lexical Resources: Consist of connecting words to each other by their shape or meaning. Resources are antonyms, synonymy, hyponymy, etc.
- Morphological and Syntactic Resources: This is the use of the same grammatical person, the same tense, or the same syntactic construction in different parts of the text.
- Textual Resources: It consists of introducing elements that serve to link some parts with others.
Examples of Textual Resources:
- Discourse Markers or Connectors: They are links that are used to combine sentences and to connect segments of discourse.
- Deictic Elements: They are the mechanisms of reference, used to refer to elements of the communicative situation or text.
Textual Patterns
- Narrative: These texts relate events that occurred to a few characters at a given time and space.
- Descriptives: Represent people, animals, objects, landscapes, referring to its attributes or processes or parts thereof.
- Dialogue: Reproduce a conversation between various characters.
- Exhibition: Report of a subject developing data and concepts.
- Argumentative: Reasonably defend an opinion.
Oral and Written Texts
Differences between spoken and written language aspects include:
- Spoken language has a temporary and fleeting nature. Written language has a lasting character.
- In oral language, exchange is immediate. In written language, communication is deferred.
- Oral language has an interactive essence. Written language has a unidirectional essence.
- Oral language is often spontaneous. Written language is more elaborate.
- Oral language, being spontaneous, allows for more colloquial language. Written language is more formal and standard.
The Sentence
The sentence is a systematic grammatical unit. It contains two essential members: the subject and what is said or predicated of it, the predicate. Between them, there is a relation of independence that is manifested in the fact that they both agree in number and person.
Types of Sentences:
- Simple Sentence: The predicate consists of a single verb.
- Compound and Complex Sentences: Consists of more than one predicate, i.e., of various clauses.
| Syntagma | Core | Accessories |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal | Noun or an equivalent element | May or may not be accompanied by updaters and accessories: (ADY) (CN) (APOS) |
| Verbal | Personal verb | Any additions |
| Adjectival | Adjective | May be accompanied by a supplement to clarify its meaning, i.e., of Sn or S.adv. |
| Adverbial | Adverb | It may take a C.adv, a function to be performed by an SP or an adverb in apposition |
| Prepositional | Do not act like the preposition core and which serves as the liaison between the preceding phrase and the term, which is the name given to the syntactic group contained within the prepositional phrase. | |
A clause is the linguistic unit consisting of a subject and predicate and is integrated into a larger unit or sentence.
Syntagma
A syntagma is a set of words that plays a certain role within the sentence.
Simple Subject in a Sentence
It is the constituent of the sentence whose core agrees with the verb in number and person.
The Predicate
It is the constituent of the sentence that expresses an action, event, or situation involving the subject. This role is always a verb phrase. There are two types of predicates, the most common is the verbal predicate as it has the full meaning of the verb lexicon, the other is the predicate nominative, which are verbs that can only be linking verbs: be, be and look like, usually followed by an attribute which is usually an adjective.