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social science- foundation and growth of human society
natural science- explains & predicts phenomena in nature
political science- study of politics, institutions, and it’s processes
sociology- scientific study of society
anthropology- study of human beings, origins, society, and cultures
institution- organized system of social relationship, represents society’s common values
social relationships- personal, intimate, casual, civil, formal, etc.
Auguste comte- father of sociology, defined the word sociology in 1838
richard osborne- “one must look at society like an alien to avoid bias & prejudice” (1996)
society- group of people living in an organized community
individualism- states that all values, rights, and duties come from each individual
culture- beliefs, pracices, views, norms, that is shared in a society
institutions culture is ;
family- bedrock foundation of society dynamic, flexible, adaptive
education- designed to preserve and transfer cultural knowledge shared & contested
economy- production and allocation of resources and services transmitted & transmitted via socialization
government- social institutions that enforces policy and law set of patterned social interaction
media- responsible for the circulation of vital information integrated, sometimes unstable
religion- organized collection of beliefs requires language & forms of communication
Rational argument- makes sense, rational, well founded
rationalist- one who bases his knowledge, actions, ideas on practical knowledge
rationalism- theory of upholding hegemony of reason in the human person
non rational- different from & maybe higher than experience or reason
ultimate presupposition- foundation of all ideas but which themselves can’t be proven
foundationalism- the idea that not everyting can be argued
areas of philosophy reasons to study philo
methaphysics- studies reality, seeking it’s causes in absolute sense enhances critical thinking
epistemology- “how do we know” improve comprehension
value theory- investigation of something worth significant upgrade our lives
ethics- “what is morally good?” liberate us
aesthetics- “what is art”
logic- study of principles by which we distnguish sound from unsound reasoning
oral philosopher- no formal training
street philosopher- boasts to be knowledgable but is stupid
amateur philosopher- studies for his own satisfaction
student philosopher- studies philo in school, university, college
academic philosopher- does not earn money as a philosopher but is a professional at degree lvl
great philosopher- systematic in way of thinking, almost all are gone
idealism
plato/aristocles- father of idealism, spiritual realm & matter realm
georg berkeley- subjective idealism/solipsism, anything outside the mind is unjustified
immanuel kant- transcendental idealism, as they appear/as they are themselves
friedrich w. joseph schelling- objective idealism, mind communicating with the mind
georg w. friedrich hegel- absolute idealism, goal of human minds is to connect to a greater conciousness
realism
aristotle- father of realism, ultimate form
st. thomas aquinas- moderate realism, platonic realism, nominalism
pragmatism
charles peirce- father of pragmatism, thought, to be valid & useful, must provide action
john dewey- instrumentalism, theories are instruments of action & their application determins truth
william james- test of a theory, belief, or doctrine must be their results
existentialism- “god is obsolete”
soren kierkegaad- father of existentialism, aesthetic, ethical, religious
friedrich nietzsche- morality is an intervention of the weak to limit the strong
jean paul sartre- believes that man makes his own definition
martin heidegger- factuality, existentiality, forfeiture
umvelt- relationship woth the world
mitvelt- relationship with others
eigenvelt- relationship with self
ionian italian
thales-everything is made of water empedocles- first to posit the four elements
anaximander- indefinite is responsible for death & destruction democritus- discovered the atom
anaximenes- air is everywhere until heated, turns to fire athenian
heraclitus- “everything flows” change is permanent socrates- believes evil is a product of ignorance
plato- mind controls wil & appetite
aristotle- matter & form cannot be separated