Upper and Lower Limb Anatomy: Muscles, Arteries, and Nerves
Upper Limb Anatomy
Superficial Posterior Muscles
- Trapezius
- Deltoids
- Biceps brachii
- Triceps brachii
- Brachioradialis
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Anconeus
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
- Extensor digitorum
Anterior Muscles
- Trapezius
- Deltoids
- Biceps brachii
- Triceps brachii
- Pectoralis major
- Brachialis
- Brachioradialis
- Pronator teres
- Flexor carpi radialis
Deeper Muscles (Back)
- Levator scapulae
- Rhomboid minor
- Rhomboid major
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres minor
- Teres major
- Latissimus dorsi
Anterior Ligaments
- Coracoacromial ligament
- Superior transverse scapular ligament
- Costocoracoid ligament
- Costoclavicular ligament of the axilla
Arteries Above
- Subscapularis (medial to)
- Circumflex (out of the subscapularis)
- Thoracodorsal (below the subscapularis)
- Anterior humeral circumflex
Posterior Arteries
- Suprascapular artery
- Brachial artery (under the arm)
- Dorsal scapular artery
- Posterior humeral circumflex artery
Armpit Muscles
- Deltoid
- Biceps brachii
- Coracobrachialis
- Triceps brachii
- Teres major
- Latissimus dorsi
- Serratus anterior
Veins
- Cephalic vein (above)
- Basilic vein (below)
- Medial brachial vein (medial, back of the basilic vein)
Axillary Artery Branches
- Axillary artery
- Brachial artery
- Deep brachial artery
- Thoracodorsal artery
- Thoracic artery
Nerves
- Phrenic nerve (neck, under the omohyoid muscle)
- Musculocutaneous nerve (medial to the anterior axilla)
- Axillary nerve
- Radial nerve
- Ulnar nerve
- Lower subscapular nerve
- Intercostobrachial nerve
- Median nerve
Arm Nerves
- Median nerve
- Brachial artery
- Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
- Ulnar nerve (medial, lateral to all)
Forearm Muscles (Deep)
- Supinator
- Pronator quadratus
- Anconeus
- Brachioradialis
- Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Extensor pollicis longus
- Abductor pollicis longus
- Abductor pollicis brevis
Forearm Muscles (Superficial)
- Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
- Extensor digitorum
- Abductor pollicis longus
- Abductor pollicis brevis
More Superficial Forearm Muscles
- Extensor digitorum
- Extensor digiti minimi
- Extensor indicis
Lateral Superficial Muscles
- Triceps brachii
- Brachioradialis
- Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis
- Extensor digitorum
- Extensor digiti minimi (more medial)
- Adductor longus
Superficial Medial Muscles
- Anconeus
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
Hand Anatomy (Cross-Section)
A cross-section of the hand reveals:
- Hypothenar muscles
- Lumbrical muscles
- Tendons
- Digital arteries and nerves
- Adductor pollicis muscle
- Palmar interosseous fascia
- Interosseous palmar muscles
- Interosseous dorsal muscles
- Extensor tendons
Lower Limb Anatomy
Anterior Muscles
- Iliacus muscle
- Psoas major muscle
- Gluteus medius muscle
- Iliopsoas muscle
- Tensor fascia lata
- Pectineus muscle
- Adductor longus muscle
- Gracilis muscle
- Sartorius muscle
- Rectus femoris muscle
- Vastus lateralis muscle
- Vastus medialis muscle
Medial Thigh Muscles (Anterior and Deep)
- Pectineus muscle
- Adductor longus muscle
- Adductor brevis muscle
- Gracilis muscle
- Obturator externus muscle
- Quadratus femoris muscle
- Adductor magnus muscle
Muscles (Side View)
- Iliopsoas
- Pectineus
- Adductor brevis
- Vastus intermedius
- Adductor longus
- Vastus medialis
- Vastus lateralis
Muscles (Medial to Lateral, Posterior Superior)
- Gluteus maximus
- Gracilis
- Adductor magnus
- Semitendinosus
- Biceps femoris
- Iliotibial band
- Semimembranosus
- Gastrocnemius
- Popliteus
- Soleus
Deeper Muscles
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Piriformis
- Superior gemellus
- Inferior gemellus
- Obturator internus
- Quadratus femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Adductor magnus
- Semimembranosus
Nerves
The femoral nerve becomes the saphenous nerve in the mid-thigh.
Arteries and Veins (Medial Thigh)
- External iliac artery and vein
- Femoral artery and vein
- Deep femoral artery
- Descending genicular artery
Arteries (Side View)
- Deep iliac circumflex artery
- Lateral femoral circumflex artery
- Medial femoral circumflex artery
- Deep femoral artery
Nerves
- Superior gluteal artery and nerve
- Superior cluneal nerves
- Medial cluneal nerves
- Inferior gluteal artery and nerve
- Pudendal nerve
- Ischial nerve
- Patellar nerve
- Sural nerve
- Popliteal nerve
- Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve