Verb Complements, Sentence Structure, and Literary Movements
Verb Complements
- Direct Complement: Replaced by ‘la’, ‘los’, ‘las’. Does not agree with the word, but with the subject.
- Indirect Complement: Replaced by ‘le’ and ‘se’.
- Prepositional Complement: Example: ‘Speech of it’.
- Circumstantial Complement: (CCmodo, CCT, CCL) Easily suppressed.
- Agent Complement: ‘By fire’. Appears only in the passive voice.
- Predicate Complement: Example: ‘The mayor appointed, glad she, will hero’. Agrees in gender and number. Can be replaced by ‘or that’.
Compound Sentences
- Simple Sentence: One verb.
- Compound Sentence: Two or more verbs.
- A proposition is each segment of a compound sentence.
Juxtaposition and Coordination
- Juxtaposition: Two or more propositions joined without links.
- Coordination: Two or more propositions joined by a link.
Coordination Types
- Copulative: y, e, ni
- Adversative: but, however
- Disjunctive: o, u
- Subordinate: but, because, what
Example: The clothes they wear is very pretty. ‘That’ is a subordinate proposition.
15th Century: A Time of Change
Europe was divided by the Western Schism and the Hundred Years’ War. Recovery of Greco-Roman literature, influenced by Italian literature (Boccaccio and Petrarch). Pre-Renaissance changes in literature: authors signed their works, religious teachings declined, and the courtier writer emerged.
Learned Poetry
- Cancionero Poetry: Love as a courtly game.
- Allegorical Poetry: Philosophical issues, elevated style.
Popular Poetry
- Romance: Octosyllabic verses, expressive and dramatic.
The Renaissance
A new representation of humans arose in Italy, called Humanism, which considered humans the center of all things. Renaissance Literature:
- Style: Simplicity and clarity.
- Method: Italian hendecasyllable poetry.
- Themes: Classical, love, and nature.
Two trends: idealization of reality and critical realism.
Italianate Lyrical Poetry
- Themes: Love, nature, and mythology.
- Metric: Hendecasyllable, sonnet, octave, and lira.
- Genres: Ode, epistle, eclogue, and song.
Fray Luis de León (1527-1591)
Continued Garcilaso de la Vega’s poetic tradition. His odes reflect on simple living and harmony.
San Juan de la Cruz (1542-1592)
Wrote mystical poetry about the union of the soul with God, using powerful images and symbols.
Religious Literature
- Ascetic: The soul’s path to God through prayer.
- Mystical: A state of perfection.
Renaissance Prose
Prose of thought linked to Humanism, dialogues, historical texts about the conquest of America, chivalry tales, pastoral novels, Moorish novels, and adventure novels.
Creating New Meanings
Metaphor
Using one name to designate another based on similarity.
Example: I just bought a new mouse. Encamped on the slope. Embodies a new meaning through metaphor.
Metonymy
Using one name to designate another based on a close relationship.
Example: The trumpet was out of tune. Double the fist of the shirt.