Verb Conjugation and Coordinated Propositions
Verb Conjugation: Regular and Irregular Forms
Conjugation is the set of all the ways a verb can appear, i.e., all tenses in all ways.
Regular verbs are those verbs that retain the same root in all their forms and take the same endings as the verb that serves as a model.
SING  CANT-O CANT-É CANT-É |
| FEAR TEM-O TEM-Í TEM-É |
Irregular verbs are those verbs that do not maintain the same root in all their forms and do not take the same endings as the verb that serves as a model.
| BE EST-OY EST-UVE EST-É |
| THINK PIENS-O PENS-É PENS-É |
Coordinated Propositions and Their Classes
Coordinated Propositions
Propositions are coordinated with each other to form a complex sentence when both propositions have the same hierarchy: the two could be stated independently and have full meaning.
Coordinated propositions are joined together by a coordinating conjunction, which serves as a link between them.
Classes of Coordinated Propositions
Propositions can be coordinated in the following ways:
- Copulative: Add their subsequent reports.
- Disjunctive: The proposals are presented as options, and one excludes the other or others.
- Distributive: Present alternating actions, but not mutually exclusive ones.
- Adversative: One corrects or rectifies the meaning of another.
- Explanatory: One clarifies the meaning of the other.
Copulative Propositions
Joined by the conjunctions and (y in affirmative and e before words starting by ‘i’ or ‘hi’) and neither (ni) in negative. Three or more copulative propositions can be coordinated, and then only the last two are linked by the conjunction and. But sometimes, for expressive or literary purposes, all are related to and; this phenomenon is called polysyndeton. The conjunction or, instead, precedes all propositions that are coordinated with a polysyndetic construction.
Disjunctive Propositions
Joined by the conjunctions o, u (before words starting by ‘o’ or ‘ho’), or. It is not always the case that the conjunction or implies disjunction: when connecting two identical elements of a sentence or proposition, it can be explicative.
Distributive Propositions
The most common conjunctions that join these propositions are well… well, now… and, now… now, as soon… as. But the distributive relationship may also be noted with correlative words contained in two propositions, which are usually pronouns: one… another, this… that, or adverbs: near… far, here… there, etc.
Adversative Propositions
Are related by the following conjunctions: but, but, however, nevertheless, however, before, rather, by the way, yet, rather, out of, except, except, at least, no, etc. The adversative conjunction but is also used when it amounts to but if not; it is a concessive subordinating conjunction.
Explanatory Statements
Are joined together by the following conjunctive phrases: that is, that is to say. Both phrases (whose verbs have completely lost their verbal meaning) are written between commas and are pronounced between pauses. The phrase or (that) plays the same role, but has a more vulgar or colloquial tone. And it is definitely slang to use that is as a crutch, introducing it into what is said even without an explanatory function.